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Topic Review
Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators
Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function. The effects of miRNAs derive from their role as gene expression regulators by repressing or degrading their target mRNAs. Various types of research are focused on evaluating the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different pathologies.
  • 681
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Salivary Metabolomics in Neurodegenerative Dementia Diagnosis and Monitoring
Spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS) give us a broad view of changes in salivary metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases and deepen the knowledge of the systemic communication between the oral cavity and the brain. Further studies with larger patient cohorts should be carried out to investigate the association between salivary metabolites and brain function and thus learn more about the complicated pathways in the human body. 
  • 681
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
microRNAs Deregulation in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Complex genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of PCa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate protein expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting protein translation.
  • 680
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cerium-Containing N-Acetyl-6-Aminohexanoic Acid
Cerium N-acetyl-6-aminohexanoate (laboratory name LHT-8-17) as a 10 mg/mL aqueous spray was used as wound experimental topical therapy. LHT-8-17 4 mg twice daily accelerated linear and planar wounds healing in animals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The formulation topical application depressed tissue TNF-a, IL-1b level, and oxidative reactions activity along with sustaining both IL-10 concentration and antioxidant capacity. LHT-8-17 induced Ki-67 positivity of fibroblasts and pro-keratinocytes, upregulated FGFR3 gene expression, and increased tissue vascularization. The formulation possessed anti-microbial property.
  • 679
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Papua New Guinea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance (NG AMR) has been one of the most urgent threats to sexual health globally. NG can develop resistance in two main ways: through plasmid-mediated resistance (PMR), and, to a greater extent, through chromosomally mediated resistance (CMR), with the latter bolstered by frequent genetic material exchange with commensal Neisseria species. NG AMR surveillance remains critical in informing treatment; unfortunately, this is often lacking in settings with limited resources, such as Papua New Guinea (PNG). 
  • 679
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokine Family in Breast Cancer
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates.  Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. The role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression was summarized. The evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development,particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
  • 679
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Enzymatic Functions of DJ-1
DJ-1 (also known as PARK7) is a multifunctional enzyme in human beings that is highly conserved and that has also been discovered in diverse species (ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes). Its complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities (such as anti-oxidation, anti-glycation, and protein quality control), as well as its role as a transcriptional coactivator, enable DJ-1 to serve as an essential regulator in multiple cellular processes (e.g., epigenetic regulations) and make it a promising therapeutic target for diverse diseases (especially cancer and Parkinson’s disease).
  • 679
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
RUNX Gene Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in humans, characterised by a high resistance to conventional chemotherapy, late diagnosis, and a high mortality rate. It is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes. The Runt-related (RUNX) family of transcription factors (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3) participates in cardinal biological processes and plays paramount roles in the pathogenesis of numerous human malignancies. Their role is often controversial as they can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors and depends on cellular context. Evidence shows that deregulated RUNX genes may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis from the earliest to the latest stages.
  • 679
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Plant Ubiquitylome
Plants are constantly exposed to dynamic environmental conditions due to their sessile nature, which compels their cells to evolve and acquire the ability to change and survive from their endogenous status rapidly. The internal signal transduction ultimately induces modulation of cellular proteins in response to external stimuli (e.g., light or temperature stress). These post translational modifications (PTMs) impact protein’s location, stability and activity, eventually triggering a faster response. Ubiquitylation is one of the most prevalent PTMs, which was originally identified as a modulator of cellular protein turnover and homeostasis.
  • 678
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
The Challenging Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Tumors
Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide. In particular, carcinogenesis, the process responsible for healthy cells’ transformation into tumoral cells, is characterized by multi-stage evolution: initiation, promotion, and the malignant transformation of cells and progression. During this process, some DNA mutations occur, providing the cancer with different distinctive features, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, replicative cell immortality, the circumvention of growth suppressors, the induction of angiogenesis, resistance to cell death, activation to invasion, and metastasis. The principal cancer treatments rely on surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, but usually combined therapy is the preferred choice. Indeed, after surgery, the patient often undergoes radio- or chemotherapy. 
  • 678
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
99mTc-Aprotinin in Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor. Several studies investigated the use of 99mTc-labelled Aprotinin as an amyloid seeker. In vitro tests showed high binding affinity for several types of amyloid fibrils accompanied by an excellent specificity. Initial human studies demonstrated good accuracy in detecting cardiac involvement. Scintigraphy results were confirmed in a group of 28 endomyocardial biopsies. Unfortunately, clinical studies were halted because of a temporary suspension of the vector protein (Trasylol) and public health concerns over prion contamination of the bovine origin compound. To obviate these limitations, efforts have been made to label a recombinant Aprotinin with 99mTc, which exhibits the same affinity for h-insulin fibrils.
  • 677
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes
Ischemia and reperfusion injury comprise complex mechanisms involving disarrangement of the splanchnic microcirculatory flow and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain due to initial hypoxemia and subsequent oxidative stress during the reperfusion phase. 
  • 676
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
ROS and Autophagy in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main factor restraining the clinical application of cisplatin. As increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may promote the progression of the injury, the elimination of ROS has been considered as an effective method to prevent the cisplatin-induced AKI. In addition, it has been revealed that an inducer of autophagy could protect kidney cells in the autophagy dependent manner. Induction of autophagy could also modulate the production of ROS in cases of renal injury.
  • 676
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
FLVCR1-AS1 and FBXL19-AS1 in Multiple Human Cancers
LncRNAs can operate as decoys by binding to microRNAs or transcription factors to sequester them away from their target locations and obstruct transcription and translation. The role of lncRNA as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the development of cancer has been demonstrated. Through their regulatory effects on DNA sequences in cis-acting and trans-acting lncRNAs, the lncRNAs can modulate many biological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, progression, apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumorigenesis. There is growing proof that lncRNAs interact with DNA in sequence-specific ways by forming triple helix (triplex) structures. The transcriptional factors bound on a specific DNA sequence that take control of the gene expression frequently interact with LncRNA. On the other hand, LncRNA co-transcriptionally form RNA-DNA hybrids such as R-loops recognized by chromatin modifiers or by transcription factors to activate or inhibit target gene transcription.
  • 673
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
miRNAs as Biomarkers in Disease
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small, non-coding RNAs with the main roles of regulating mRNA through its degradation and adjusting protein levels. In recent years, extraordinary progress has been made in terms of identifying the origin and exact functions of miRNA, focusing on their potential use in both the research and the clinical field. 
  • 673
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Leptin and Cancer
Leptin is an obesity-associated adipokine that is known to regulate energy metabolism and reproduction and to control appetite via the leptin receptor. Recent work has identified specific cell types other than adipocytes that harbor leptin and leptin receptor expression, particularly in cancers and tumor microenvironments, and characterized the role of this signaling axis in cancer progression. 
  • 670
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Optical Technologies for Single-Cell Analysis on Microchips
Cell analysis at the single-cell level is of great importance to investigate the inherent heterogeneity of cell populations and to understand the morphology, composition, and function of individual cells. With the continuous innovation of analytical techniques and methods, single-cell analysis on microfluidic chip systems has been extensively applied for its precise single-cell manipulation and sensitive signal response integrated with various detection techniques, such as optical, electrical, and mass spectrometric analyses.
  • 670
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Reporter Genes for Brain Imaging
The use of molecular imaging technologies for brain imaging can not only play an important supporting role in disease diagnosis and treatment but can also be used to deeply study brain functions. With the support of reporter gene technology, optical imaging has achieved a breakthrough in brain function studies at the molecular level. Reporter gene technology based on traditional clinical imaging modalities is also expanding. By benefiting from the deeper imaging depths and wider imaging ranges now possible, these methods have led to breakthroughs in preclinical and clinical research.
  • 669
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antisense Long Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Transcriptome complexity is emerging as an unprecedented and fascinating domain, especially by high-throughput sequencing technologies that have unveiled a plethora of new non-coding RNA biotypes. Several sense–antisense transcript pairs have been recently annotated, especially from mammalian genomes, and an understanding of their evolutionary sense and functional role for human health and diseases is only beginning. Antisense long non-coding RNAs ((lncRNAs) dysregulation is significantly involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, where they can act as oncogenes or oncosuppressors, thus playing a key role in tumor onset, progression, and chemoradiotherapy response. Mechanistically, antisense lncRNAs regulate gene expression by exploiting various molecular mechanisms shared with other ncRNA molecules, and exploit special mechanisms on their corresponding sense gene due to sequence complementarity, thus exerting epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational controls.
  • 669
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Fungal Cells
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) (EC 1.1.1.1) are oxidoreductases that catalyze the interconversion of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Oxidoreductases have been classified into three main categories: (1) NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; (2) NAD(P)-independent enzymes that use pyrroloquinoline quinone, haem, or F420 as a cofactor; and (3) oxidases that catalyze essentially irreversible oxidation of alcohols.
  • 669
  • 10 Oct 2023
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