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Topic Review
MOB1 Homolog in the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Monopolar spindle One Binder1 (MOB1) proteins regulate key cellular functions, namely cell multiplication and cell division. The unicellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii transitions between several morphological stages, with the need to control the number of parasites in its cellular environment. We hypothesized that MOB1 proteins could participate in the regulation of the T. gondii life cycle, having identified one MOB1 protein (TgMOB1) coded in its genome. 
  • 692
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Receptor-Mediated Nutrient Sensing in Metabolism
Nutrients are essential organic substances, and how they are distinguished in the stomach is pivotal for stabilizing the body’s nutritional and energy requirements. Diverse gene expressions are elicited after food perception by their respective receptors. Nutritional signalling is a broad term that refers to various cell signalling pathways influenced by nutrient availability. Signalling cascades are activated when nutrient levels change, modulating essential cellular activities including metabolism, proliferation, secretion, and autophagy.
  • 692
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sialylation and Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is a multi-step, inefficient process that accounts for approximately 90% of cancer-related deaths. The process of cancer metastasis can be briefly summarized as cancer cells escaping their initial sites, surviving in blood and lymph transfer, and developing new distal tumor sites. Sialylation modifies the conformation of essential proteins to promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. α2-6-Sialylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells and sustains its membrane retention, regulating integrin tension, focal adhesion, and cell motility.
  • 692
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
RUNX Gene Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in humans, characterised by a high resistance to conventional chemotherapy, late diagnosis, and a high mortality rate. It is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes. The Runt-related (RUNX) family of transcription factors (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3) participates in cardinal biological processes and plays paramount roles in the pathogenesis of numerous human malignancies. Their role is often controversial as they can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors and depends on cellular context. Evidence shows that deregulated RUNX genes may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis from the earliest to the latest stages.
  • 692
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Control Strategies against Spodoptera frugiperda.
frugiperdastrains with 18- and 28-fold resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides compared with susceptible strains. This situation has allowed the insect to increase its population density, causing insecticide resistance to compounds such as DDT, cyclodiene organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, generating the need for new molecules with potential activity.
  • 691
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Point-of-Care Testing of microRNAs
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that are approximately 22 nt in length and regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs play a vital role in both physiological and pathological processes and are regarded as promising biomarkers for cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and so on. Accurate detection of miRNA expression level in clinical samples is important for miRNA-guided diagnostics. However, the common miRNA detection approaches like RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, and miRNA microarray are performed in a professional laboratory with complex intermediate steps and are time-consuming and costly, challenging the miRNA-guided diagnostics. Hence, sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and easy-to-use detection of miRNAs is crucial for clinical diagnosis based on miRNAs. With the advantages of being specific, sensitive, efficient, cost-saving, and easy to operate, point-of-care testing (POCT) has been widely used in the detection of miRNAs.
  • 690
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Salivary Metabolomics in Neurodegenerative Dementia Diagnosis and Monitoring
Spectroscopic methods (NMR, MS) give us a broad view of changes in salivary metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases and deepen the knowledge of the systemic communication between the oral cavity and the brain. Further studies with larger patient cohorts should be carried out to investigate the association between salivary metabolites and brain function and thus learn more about the complicated pathways in the human body. 
  • 690
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Wild-Type P53-Dependent Secretome
The wild-type p53 protein prevents tumorigenesis by regulating a plethora of signaling pathways. The importance of the p53 tumor suppressive activity is not only primarily involved within cells to limit tumor cell proliferation but also in the extracellular microenvironment of cancer. Thus, p53 has a profound impact on the secretome composition of cancer cells and reducing the transition to invasiveness.
  • 689
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
OKN-007 Alters Protein Expression Profiles
Current therapies for high-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastomas (GBM), do not extend patient survival beyond 16–22 months. OKN-007 (OKlahoma Nitrone 007), which is currently in phase II (multi-institutional) clinical trials for GBM patients, and has demonstrated efficacy in several rodent and human xenograft glioma models, shows some promise as an anti-glioma therapeutic, as it affects most aspects of tumorigenesis (tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and apoptosis). Combined with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ), OKN-007 is even more effective by affecting chemo-resistant tumor cells.
  • 688
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
RNA Technologies to Fight Human Pathogens
A long scientific journey has led to prominent technological advances in the RNA field, and several new types of molecules have been discovered, from non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to riboswitches, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and CRISPR systems. Such findings, together with the recognition of the advantages of RNA in terms of its functional performance, have attracted the attention of synthetic biologists to create potent RNA-based tools for biotechnological and medical applications.
  • 687
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokine Family in Breast Cancer
The IL-6 cytokine family is a group of signaling molecules with wide expression and function across vertebrates.  Each member of the family signals by binding to its specific receptor and at least one molecule of gp130, which is the common transmembrane receptor subunit for the whole group. Signal transduction upon stimulation of the receptor complex results in the activation of multiple downstream cascades, among which, in mammary cells, the JAK-STAT3 pathway plays a central role. The role of the IL-6 cytokine family—specifically IL-6 itself, LIF, OSM, and IL-11—as relevant players during breast cancer progression was summarized. The evidence indicating that this group of soluble factors may be used for early and more precise breast cancer diagnosis and to design targeted therapy to treat or even prevent metastasis development,particularly to the bone. Expression profiles and possible therapeutic use of their specific receptors in the different breast cancer subtypes are also described. In addition, participation of these cytokines in pathologies of the breast linked to lactation and involution of the gland, as post-partum breast cancer and mastitis, is discussed.
  • 686
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Nutrient Stress on Plant DNA Methylation
Nutrient limitation is major environmental stress that reduces plant growth, productivity and quality. Globally, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations are ubiquitous in soil. Therefore, N and P deficiencies are the main constraints of food production under low-fertilization conditions, while under high-fertilization conditions, large amounts of N and P fertilization can cause large-scale environmental pollution. In addition to N and P, breeding crops with more iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is also one of the priorities, since large numbers of people eat grains due to Fe and Zn deficiencies. Furthermore, there are essential nutrients for plants, such as sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). DNA methylation in plants plays a vital role in the response to nutrient changes and is involved in controlling nutrient homeostasis. 
  • 686
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Challenging Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Tumors
Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases, causing millions of deaths worldwide. In particular, carcinogenesis, the process responsible for healthy cells’ transformation into tumoral cells, is characterized by multi-stage evolution: initiation, promotion, and the malignant transformation of cells and progression. During this process, some DNA mutations occur, providing the cancer with different distinctive features, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, replicative cell immortality, the circumvention of growth suppressors, the induction of angiogenesis, resistance to cell death, activation to invasion, and metastasis. The principal cancer treatments rely on surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, but usually combined therapy is the preferred choice. Indeed, after surgery, the patient often undergoes radio- or chemotherapy. 
  • 685
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Plant Ubiquitylome
Plants are constantly exposed to dynamic environmental conditions due to their sessile nature, which compels their cells to evolve and acquire the ability to change and survive from their endogenous status rapidly. The internal signal transduction ultimately induces modulation of cellular proteins in response to external stimuli (e.g., light or temperature stress). These post translational modifications (PTMs) impact protein’s location, stability and activity, eventually triggering a faster response. Ubiquitylation is one of the most prevalent PTMs, which was originally identified as a modulator of cellular protein turnover and homeostasis.
  • 684
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
99mTc-Aprotinin in Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Aprotinin is a serine protease inhibitor. Several studies investigated the use of 99mTc-labelled Aprotinin as an amyloid seeker. In vitro tests showed high binding affinity for several types of amyloid fibrils accompanied by an excellent specificity. Initial human studies demonstrated good accuracy in detecting cardiac involvement. Scintigraphy results were confirmed in a group of 28 endomyocardial biopsies. Unfortunately, clinical studies were halted because of a temporary suspension of the vector protein (Trasylol) and public health concerns over prion contamination of the bovine origin compound. To obviate these limitations, efforts have been made to label a recombinant Aprotinin with 99mTc, which exhibits the same affinity for h-insulin fibrils.
  • 684
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, specifically, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are identified as necessary factors in the development of cancer of the lower genital tract, with CaCU standing out as the most prevalent tumor. The mechanisms activated by HR-HPVs during cervical carcinogenesis involve infection by human papillomavirus, cellular tropism, genetic predisposition to uterine cervical cancer (CaCU), viral load, viral physical state, regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, loss of function of the E2 protein, deregulated expression of E6/E7 oncogenes, regulation of host cell protein function, and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
  • 684
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes
Ischemia and reperfusion injury comprise complex mechanisms involving disarrangement of the splanchnic microcirculatory flow and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain due to initial hypoxemia and subsequent oxidative stress during the reperfusion phase. 
  • 683
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators
Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function. The effects of miRNAs derive from their role as gene expression regulators by repressing or degrading their target mRNAs. Various types of research are focused on evaluating the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different pathologies.
  • 683
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Urological Cancers
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This entry aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers.
  • 682
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cargo Molecules in Secretory Granule
The pancreatic β-cell is purpose-built for the production and secretion of insulin, the only hormone that can remove glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin is kept inside miniature membrane-bound storage compartments known as secretory granules (SGs), and these specialized organelles can readily fuse with the plasma membrane upon cellular stimulation to release insulin. The luminal components of the insulin SG can be functionally segregated into four groups. These are cargo molecules, luminal enzymes and chaperones, ions (and their transporters and channels), and sorting receptors.
  • 682
  • 13 Sep 2021
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