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Topic Review
Histamine and Its Receptors in Mammalian Inner Ear
Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière’s disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Valuable Compounds from Fermented Residues
Significant amounts of fermented food waste are generated worldwide, promoting an abundance of residual biomass that can be used as raw material to extract bioactive peptides, fermentable sugars, polyphenols, and valuable compounds for synthesizing bioproducts. Therefore, generating these high-value-added products reduces the environmental impact caused by waste disposal and increases the industrial economic value of the final products. The fermentation process favors the synthesis of products with high added value. However, the use of fermentation also leads to the production of fermentative residues containing metabolites, extracellular enzymes, and other byproducts generated by microbiological metabolism. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Justice
Justice is a foundational concept in moral and ethical philosophy that revolves around the fair and impartial treatment of individuals within a society. It encompasses the distribution of rewards and punishments based on merit and adherence to established laws, fostering a sense of equity and societal order. The pursuit of justice is often guided by principles such as equality, impartiality, and the protection of individual rights, serving as a fundamental pillar in the construction of a just and harmonious social framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Second-Hand and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke
Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the domestic environment or inside vehicles of smokers. Unfortunately, prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) exposure is still common, too. SHS is hazardous to the health of smokers and non-smokers, but especially to that of children. SHS and PTS increase the risk for children to develop cancers and can trigger or worsen asthma and allergies, modulate the immune status, and is harmful to lung, heart and blood vessels. Smoking during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes as well as changes in the development of the foetus. Lately, some of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause adverse health effects in children have been identified. It has been found in children that SHS and PTS exposure is associated with changes in levels of enzymes, hormones, and expression of genes, micro RNAs, and proteins. PTS and SHS exposure are major elicitors of mechanisms of oxidative stress. Genetic predisposition can compound the health effects of PTS and SHS exposure. Epigenetic effects might influence in utero gene expression and disease susceptibility. Hence, the limitation of domestic and public exposure to SHS as well as PTS exposure has to be in the focus of policymakers and the public in order to save the health of children at an early age. Global substantial smoke-free policies, health communication campaigns, and behavioural interventions are useful and should be mandatory.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Eudialyte-group minerals (EGMs)
       Eudialyte-group minerals (EGMs) are typical components of some kinds of agpaitic igneous rocks and related pegmatites and metasomatic assemblages. Crystal-chemical features of these minerals are important indicators reflecting conditions of their formation (pressure, temperature, fugacity of oxygen and volatile species, and activity of non-coherent elements.        A unique crystal-chemical diversity of EGMs is determined by a wide variability of their chemical composition involving more than 30 main elements and complex mechanisms of homovalent, heterovalent, and, especially, blocky isomorphism involving groups of atoms having different valency and coordination. The uniqueness of these minerals lies in the fact that they exhibit ability to blocky isomorphism at several sites of high-force-strength cations belonging to the framework and at numerous sites of extra-framework cations and anions.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Arts Syndrome
Arts syndrome is a disorder that causes serious neurological problems in males. Females can also be affected by this condition, but they typically have much milder symptoms.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors are expressed on various immune cells and malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In immune cells, most SLAM family molecules bind to themselves to transmit co-stimulatory signals through the recruiting adaptor proteins SLAM-associated protein (SAP) or Ewing’s sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2), which target immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs in the cytoplasmic regions of the receptors. Notably, SLAMF2, SLAMF3, SLAMF6, and SLAMF7 are strongly and constitutively expressed on MM cells that do not express the adaptor proteins SAP and EAT-2.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Immobilization and Stabilization of Bacteriophages
Phages are effective at targeting and killing bacterial strains of interest and have yielded encouraging results when administered as part of a tailored treatment to severely ill patients as a last resort.  The incorporation of bacteriophages into therapeutic formulations typically involves encapsulating them within a stabilizing substance. Immobilization refers to the chemical, physio-chemical or electrostatic binding of bacteriophages to a surface. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Human and Donkey Milk
Whole milk is a good source of all the nutrients, and it also contains a sufficient number of vitamins to permit the regular growth of the neonate. Dairy cow milk can create allergy in infants less than 12 months old because of the high caseins and β-lactoglobulin content. In these circumstances, donkey milk can represent a good replacement for dairy cows’ milk in children affected by Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) because of its close chemical composition with human milk, mainly due to its low protein and low mineral content. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Poly(lactic acid)'s Biodegradation
The synthesis process for two types of biopolymer: PHAs and PLA. Synthesis of PHAs involves bacteria fermentation and extraction procedure. PLA is chemically synthesised via condensation polymerization of lactic acid (LA).
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows
The PL represents a considerable biological and economic waste for the farmer, therefore, the objective of the present review is to discuss recent methods suitable for diagnosing early pregnancy and pregnancy losses in dairy cattle.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Headaches Treatment
Headaches are one of the most common medical complaints worldwide, and treatment is often made difficult because of misclassification. Peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a novel treatment for the treatment of intractable headaches in recent years. While high-quality evidence does exist regarding its use, efficacy is generally limited to specific nerves and headache types. While much research remains to bring this technology to the mainstream, clinicians are increasingly able to provide safe yet efficacious pain control.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a life-threatening pregnancy-associated cardiovascular disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria at 20 weeks of gestation. Potential abnormalities include impaired placentation, incomplete spiral artery remodeling, and endothelial damage, which are further propagated by immune factors, mitochondrial stress, and an imbalance of pro- and antiangiogenic substances. Newfound evidence indicates that vasopressin is an early mediator and biomarker of the disorder, and promising future therapeutic avenues include mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction, excess oxidative stress, and the resulting inflammatory state.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Aloe vera Gel
Edible coating gels developed from the Aloe vera plant have been used as a traditional medicine for about 3000 years. Aloe vera contains approximately 110 potentially active constituents from six different classes: chromone and its glycoside derivatives; anthraquinone and its glycoside derivatives; flavonoids; phenylpropanoids and coumarins; phenylpyrone and phenol derivatives; and phytosterols and others. Apart from medicinal uses, Aloe gels have an important role in food preservation as edible coatings. They provide an edible barrier for atmospheric gases and moisture and help to reduce the respiration and transpiration of fresh produce, which helps to preserve its postharvest quality.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Organoid Models of SARS-CoV-2
Organoids are defined as three-dimensional structures grown from stem cells and consist of organ-specific cell types that self-organize to recapitulate key features and functional characteristics of tissues in a dish. Organoids can be initiated from two main types of stem cells: (1) pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells or synthetically induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and (2) organ-restricted stem cells. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was classified as a pandemic in March 2020. Organoids from diverse human organs have been adopted to understand COVID-19 and the effects the virus has on organs.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Current Challenges of iPSC-Based Disease Modeling
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based disease modelling and the cell replacement therapy approach have proven to be very powerful and instrumental in biomedical research and personalized regenerative medicine as evidenced in the past decade by unraveling novel pathological mechanisms of a multitude of monogenic diseases at the cellular level and the ongoing and emerging clinical trials with iPSC-derived cell products. iPSC-based disease modelling has sparked widespread enthusiasm and has presented an unprecedented opportunity in high throughput drug discovery platforms and safety pharmacology in association with three-dimensional multicellular organoids such as personalized organs-on-chips, gene/base editing, artificial intelligence and high throughput “omics” methodologies. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Sharing Economy
Sharing economy is a new type of economic performance with its main characteristic being the sharing among peers. This can be regarded as a new economical approach with the individuals sharing their remainder resources. In this way, there is less need for the possession of resources leading to a decrease in redundant production. However, many implications arise from this type of economy.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gas Radiant Heaters’ Flue-Gas Heat Recovery
In view of EU environmental policy, reducing energy consumption, developing energy-saving technologies and solutions, and reducing pollutant emissions are immensely relevant concerns. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems enable these tasks to be achieved, and the favorable global situation implies that solutions for waste heat recovery from gas-fired radiant heaters for large-hall heating should attract the interest of many stakeholders.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Surface Acoustic Wave and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Devices
One of the emerging techniques of chemical warfare agents (CWA) detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Teaching Sustainability in Planning and Design Education
Education for sustainable development (ESD) benefits school improvement and individual students, allowing them to ask critical questions about the status quo, clarify their values, and think systemically. In the fields of planning and design, including urban planning, regional planning, landscape architecture, and urban design, sustainability is vital to address the development dilemmas of environmental protection, urban development, economic activity, and social expectations. Design and planning decisions must consider a wide range of activities representing the goals of preservation, development, economic opportunities, social justice, and many others.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Aug 2022
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