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Topic Review
Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Fuel Cell
The development of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymer (SHP)-based polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) has been pursued in order to overcome drawbacks of the perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer-based PEMs in fuel cell applications. To improve the proton conductivity of SHP-based PEMs without deterioration in physicochemical stability, control of polymeric architecture is necessary to form distinct phase-separated structures between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. By pursuing rational design strategies for the copolymer architectures, it will be possible to develop high-performance SHP-based PEMs in fuel cell applications. This study focused on the synthetic procedures which underlie structure-engineered copolymers and their PEM properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
ICN Model Approach
During the last two decades, determining the urban boundaries of cities has become one of the major concerns in the urban and regional planning subject domains. Many scholars have tried to model the change of urban boundaries as it helps with sustainable development, and here researchers reported a ICN model.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Clean Label in Bread
A clean-label product can be referred to as food or ingredients that are more natural, organic, or not chemical-sounding and free of additives/preservatives. The bread industry and bakeries are going for clean-label products, adding only natural ingredients and additive-/preservative-free formulations but keeping the bread quality high. Thus, more research on natural ingredients can give the same attributes as traditional preservatives/additives to bread.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
NK Cells—the Immune System against Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the primary cancer with the highest incidence within the central nervous system. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in immunosurveillance, acting alongside other immune cells in the response against various types of malignant tumors and the prevention of metastasis. NK cells are being exploited in many ways to treat cancer. The broad arsenal of NK-based therapies includes adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and activated cells, genetically engineered cells to contain chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-NKs), in vivo stimulation of NK cells (by cytokine therapy, checkpoint blockade therapies, etc.), and tumor-specific antibody-guided NK cells, among others. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rumex Species
Today, more than ever, the search for non-trivial sources of biologically active substances is critical. Plants of the genus Rumex are noteworthy. Plants of this genus stand out for a number of advantages from the dominant plant core of meadow phytocenoses of the temperate climatic zone: a short growing season, an intensive increase in biomass, and undemanding growth conditions. In addition, this plant genus is known as a super-producer of secondary phenolic compounds.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Salt Priming Impacts on Edible Mesembryanthemum Crystallinum L.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. is a nutritious edible facultative halophyte. They were cultivated with different percentages of artificial seawater (ASW). All plants were green and healthy. However, there were reductions in shoot and root productivity, and leaf growth. The concentrations of proline, ascorbic acid (ASC), and total phenolic compounds (TPC) increased as percentages of ASW increased. The salt-primed plants switched from C3 to crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis and accumulated the greatest amounts of proline, ASC, and TPC. In conclusion, higher salinities and salt priming enhance nutritional quality of M. crystallinum L. but compromises productivity.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Innovations in Chewable Formulations and 3D Printing
Since their introduction, chewable dosage forms have gained traction due to their ability to facilitate swallowing, especially in paediatric, geriatric and dysphagia patients. Their benefits stretch beyond human use to also include veterinary applications, improving administration and palatability in different animal species. Despite their advantages, current chewable formulations do not account for individualised dosing and palatability preferences. In light of this, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and in particular the semi-solid extrusion technology, has been suggested as a novel manufacturing method for producing customised chewable dosage forms. This advanced approach offers flexibility for selecting patient-specific doses, excipients, and organoleptic properties, which are critical for ensuring efficacy, safety and adherence to the treatment. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Fluorescent Five- and Six-Membered Ring Azaheterocycles
The synthesis of fluorescent azaheterocycles continues to arouse strong interest due to their great potential for application as sensors and biosensors, luminophores on in the construction of Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) devices, laser and other semiconductor devices, as well as to their potential biological properties as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, antituberculosis antioxidant and anti-HIV agents. The advantages of the azaheterocyclic fluorophores, such as small size, enriched photostability, a wide and tunable spectral range, and, frequently, high brightness, are the reason why these fluorophores are preferred and used in various medical application. Probe structure can be modified to adjust excitation and emission wavelengths, target-binding affinity, chemical reactivity, and subcellular localization.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Vitrimers for Sustainable Circular Bio-Economy
The traditional polymer circular economy (CE) continues to be challenging due to its reprocessing/recycle ability; also, at the same time, newly developed substitute materials have not expressed similar performance to conventional materials involved in contemporary applications. Hence, linear approaches such as “take-make-use-waste” have severely affected sustainability modules where non-renewable resources have been used at maximum levels. In addition, sustainability is termed along with the circular economy paradigm in recent times, although material sustainability differs from CE material. The circular economy mainly focuses on the economic, environmental and social impacts, whereas sustainability is more about an ecological importance. Globally, frameworks have been formed to enhance the sustainable environment. The United Nations (UN) has designed 17 sustainable development goals to be enforced in all countries in order to reach the goal of a sustainable society by 2030.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drinking Water Microbiome
Microbial communities interact with us and affect our health in ways that are only beginning to be understood. Microorganisms have been detected in every ecosystem on Earth, as well as in any built environment that has been investigated. Drinking water sources, drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems provide peculiar microbial ecological niches, dismantling the belief of the “biological simplicity” of drinking water. The assemblage of microbes within drinking water is referred to as the drinking water microbiota (“microbiome” when referring to the associated genetic information), and it accounts for about 106–108 cells/L. Recent DNA sequencing and meta-omics advancements allow a deeper understanding of drinking water microbiota.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thyristor Switched Capacitor
A thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor switched capacitor is an important component of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC), where it is often used in conjunction with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Static VAR compensators are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) family.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Semipelagianism
Semipelagianism (Latin: Semipelagianismus) is a Christian theological and soteriological school of thought on salvation; that is, the means by which humanity and God are restored to a right relationship. Semipelagian thought stands in contrast to the earlier Pelagian teaching about salvation (in which people are seen as affecting their own salvation), which had been dismissed as heresy. Semipelagianism in its original form was developed as a compromise between Pelagianism and the teaching of Church Fathers such as Saint Augustine, who taught that people cannot come to God without the grace of God. In semipelagian thought, therefore, a distinction is made between the beginning of faith and the increase of faith. Semipelagian thought teaches that the latter half – growing in faith – is the work of God, while the beginning of faith is an act of free will, with grace supervening only later. It too was labeled heresy by the Western Church at the Second Council of Orange in 529. Catholicism teaches that the beginning of faith involves an act of free will, that the initiative comes from God, but requires free collaboration on the part of man: "The fatherly action of God is first on his own initiative, and then follows man's free acting through his collaboration". "Since the initiative belongs to God in the order of grace, no one can merit the initial grace of forgiveness and justification, at the beginning of conversion. Moved by the Holy Spirit and by charity, we can then merit for ourselves and for others the graces needed for our sanctification, for the increase of grace and charity, and for the attainment of eternal life." The term "semipelagianism", a 16th-century coinage, has been used as an accusation in theological disputes over salvation, divine grace and free will. Theologians have also used it retrospectively to refer to the original formulation, an anachronistic use that has been called inappropriate, ambiguous and unjust. In this context, a more historically accurate term is Massilianism, a reference to the city of Marseilles, with which some of its proponents were associated.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polymer- and Lipid-Based siRNA Nanoparticles
The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) could represent a breakthrough in the therapy of all diseases that arise from a gene defect or require the inhibition of a specific gene expression. In particular, small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers an attractive opportunity to achieve a new milestone in the therapy of human diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
2009 Swine Flu Pandemic Vaccine
The 2009 swine flu pandemic vaccines were influenza vaccines developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spray. Both these types of vaccine were produced by growing the virus in chicken eggs. Around three billion doses were produced, with delivery in November 2009.Cite error: Closing missing for tag providing a strong protective immune response and having a similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine. However, about 30% of people already had some immunity to the virus, with the vaccine conferring greatest benefit on young people, since many older people are already immune through exposure to similar viruses in the past. The vaccine also provided some cross-protection against the 1918 flu pandemic strain. Early results (pre-25 December 2009) from an observational cohort of 248,000 individuals in Scotland showed the vaccine to be effective at preventing H1N1 influenza (95.0% effectiveness [95% confidence intervals 76.0–100.0%]) and influenza-related hospital admissions (64.7% [95% confidence intervals 12.0–85.8%]). Developing, testing, and manufacturing sufficient quantities of a vaccine is a process that takes many months. According to Keiji Fukuda of the World Health Organization, "There's much greater vaccine capacity than there was a few years ago, but there is not enough vaccine capacity to instantly make vaccines for the entire world's population for influenza." The nasal mist version of the vaccine started shipping on 1 October 2009.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Techniques
Image fusion has become one of the most promising fields in image processing since it plays an essential role in different applications, such as medical diagnosis and clarification of medical images. Multimodal Medical Image Fusion (MMIF) enhances the quality of medical images by combining two or more medical images from different modalities to obtain an improved fused image that is clearer than the original ones. Choosing the best MMIF technique which produces the best quality is one of the important problems in the assessment of image fusion techniques. There are several image modalities, such as Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Medical image fusion techniques are categorized into six main categories: spatial domain, transform fusion, fuzzy logic, morphological methods, and sparse representation methods. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Impact of Female Gender in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases show a gender bias, as reported for several other immune-mediated diseases. Female-specific differences influence disease presentation and activity, leading to a different progression between males and females. Women show a genetic predisposition to develop inflammatory bowel disease related to the X chromosome. Female hormone fluctuation influences gastrointestinal symptoms, pain perception, and the state of active disease at the time of conception could negatively affect the pregnancy. Women with inflammatory bowel disease report a worse quality of life, higher psychological distress, and reduced sexual activity than male patients. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Metal Oxide-Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction
The photoconversion of CO2 into solar fuels seems to curb greenhouse effect and resolve the energy crisis. One of the challenges in developing practical CO2 photoconversion catalysts is to design materials with a low cost, high activity and good stability. The excellent photocatalysts based on TiO2, WO3, ZnO, Cu2O and CeO2 metal oxides that are cost-effective and long-lasting were discussed. Strategies to improve CO2 photoconversion efficiency are summarized and photocatalysts forms of 0D, 1D, 2D and 3DOM (zero/one/two-dimensional and three-dimensional-ordered macroporous, respectively) are involved, which can inspire the future improvement in photochemistry.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metals in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
Metal ions are fundamental to guarantee the regular physiological activity of the human organism. They are involved in several biological processes such as electron transfer, oxygen transport, the maintenance of osmotic pressure, and the regulation of DNA transcription. Metals such as iron, cobalt, selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese are essential for human life and are usually required in trace amounts. On the other hand, aluminum, mercury, arsenic, and others are considered non-essential metals since they possess no biological function. The importance of metals in the human organism is so fundamental that several pathologies, among which are neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), are related to a common phenomenon known as metal dyshomeostasis.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fresh Umbilical Cord Blood
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematopoietic cells that can be used to replace bone marrow components. Many blood disorders and systemic illnesses are increasingly being treated with stem cells as regenerative medical therapy. Collected blood has been stored in either public or private banks for allogenic or autologous transplantation.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Sep 2023
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