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Topic Review
Magnetic Particle Imaging
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have a wide range of applications; an area of particular interest is magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI is an imaging modality that utilizes superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) as tracer particles to produce highly sensitive and specific images in a broad range of applications, including cardiovascular, neuroimaging, tumor imaging, magnetic hyperthermia and cellular tracking. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Technologies for Older Adults
Technology offers smart, sustainable solutions to enable older adults to live in better conditions. These solutions must cover not only healthcare, but also social and emotional needs in people’s daily lives. Smart homes and cities, the IoT, ICT, robotic systems, artificial intelligence and other technologies can offer efficient, scalable, cost-effective and sustainable solutions. These solutions are not only accurate once cognitive or physical decline has become apparent but are also of great interest for the prevention and early detection of age-related decline.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pre-Emptively Managing Overtourism
Overtourism is the congestion or overcrowding from an excess of tourists, resulting in conflicts with locals. The World Tourism Organization defines overtourism as "the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way". 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cutaneous Reactions to Antidiabetic Agents
Diabetes is a common and complex disease affecting multiple organ systems throughout the body. With a consensus in care guidelines emphasizing the importance of glycemic control in determining the disease progression, people with diabetes worldwide have been placed on medication regimens targeting glucose stability from a variety of pathophysiologic pathways. Each of these medications also possesses its own potential for adverse events. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nucleases and Co-Factors in DNA Replication Stress Responses
DNA replication stress is a constant threat that cells must manage to proliferate and maintain genome integrity. DNA replication stress responses, a subset of the broader DNA damage response (DDR), operate when the DNA replication machinery (replisome) is blocked or replication forks collapse during S phase. There are many sources of replication stress, such as DNA lesions caused by endogenous and exogenous agents including commonly used cancer therapeutics, and difficult-to-replicate DNA sequences comprising fragile sites, G-quadraplex DNA, hairpins at trinucleotide repeats, and telomeres. Replication stress is also a consequence of conflicts between opposing transcription and replication, and oncogenic stress which dysregulates replication origin firing and fork progression. Cells initially respond to replication stress by protecting blocked replisomes, but if the offending problem (e.g., DNA damage) is not bypassed or resolved in a timely manner, forks may be cleaved by nucleases, inducing a DNA double-strand break (DSB) and providing a means to accurately restart stalled forks via homologous recombination. However, DSBs pose their own risks to genome stability if left unrepaired or misrepaired.  
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Intestinal ‘Infant-Type’ Bifidobacteria
To utilize host-derived nutrients, intestinal infant-type bifidobacteria have evolved a series of complex genetic pathways to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Lysosomal Function
Nanomaterials serve as carriers for transporting conventional drugs or proteins through lysosomes to various cellular targets. The basic function of lysosomes is to trigger degradation of proteins and lipids. Understanding of lysosomal functions is essential for enhancing the efficacy of nanoparticles-mediated therapy and reducing the malfunctions of cellular metabolism. The lysosomal function is modulated by the movement of ions through various ion channels. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Transient Global Amnesia
Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of a temporary memory disorder with profound anterograde amnesia and a variable impairment of the past memory. Usually, the attacks are preceded by a precipitating event, last up to 24 h and are not associated with other neurological deficits. Diagnosis can be challenging because the identification of TGA requires the exclusion of some acute amnestic syndromes that occur in emergency situations and share structural or functional alterations of memory circuits. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Marine Arthropods
Peptide therapeutics play a key role in the development of new medical treatments. The traditional focus on endogenous peptides has shifted from first discovering other natural sources of these molecules, to later synthesizing those with unique bioactivities. Marine arthropods do not have an adaptive immune system, and therefore, they depend on the innate immune system to eliminate pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with unique characteristics are a pivotal part of the defense systems of these organisms.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Chinese Cyberwarfare
China is both the world's second-largest economy and a nuclear weapons state with the world's second-largest defense budget. Chinese Information Operations and Information Warfare includes the concept of “network warfare”, which is roughly analogous to the United States concept of cyber-warfare. Foreign Policy magazine provided an estimated range for China's "hacker army" personnel, anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 individuals. Western countries have long accused China of aggressive espionage, and while investigations have traced various attacks on corporate and infrastructure computer systems to have originated in China , "it is nearly impossible to know whether or not an attack is government-sponsored because of the difficulty in tracking true identities in cyberspace." China has denied these accusations of cyber-warfare and has, in turn, accused the United States of engaging in cyber-warfare against China - a claim the US government denies.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wireless USB
Wireless USB (Universal Serial Bus) was a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group which intended to increase the availability of general USB-based technologies. It was unrelated to Wi-Fi, and different from the Cypress WirelessUSB offerings. It was maintained by the WiMedia Alliance which ceased operations in 2009. Wireless USB is sometimes abbreviated as "WUSB", although the USB Implementers Forum discouraged this practice and instead prefers to call the technology Certified Wireless USB to distinguish it from the competing UWB standard. Wireless USB was based on the (now defunct) WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-WideBand (UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 110 Mbit/s at up to 10 metres (33 ft). It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range, although local regulatory policies may restrict the legal operating range in some countries. The standard is now obsolete, and no new hardware has been produced for many years. Support for the standard was deprecated in Linux 5.4 and removed in Linux 5.7
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hemagglutinin (Influenza)
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin[p] (British English) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses. Being a class I fusion protein, it is responsible for binding the virus to cells with sialic acid on the membranes, such as cells in the upper respiratory tract or erythrocytes. It is also responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosome membrane, after the pH has been reduced. The name "hemagglutinin" comes from the protein's ability to cause red blood cells (erythrocytes) to clump together ("agglutinate") in vitro.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Emergency First Responders and Professional Wellbeing
Emergency first responders (EFRs) such as police officers, firefighters, paramedics and logistics personnel often suffer high turnover due to work-related stress, high workloads, fatigue, and declining professional wellbeing. Considering their professional roles, EFRs are often exposed to critical situations which pose a danger to their physical and mental health. As attempts to counter this through resilience programmes tend to have limited success, there is a need for further research into how organisational policies could change to improve EFRs’ professional wellbeing. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation
Catalytic ozonation belongs to the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) because it is expected to enhance the production of hydroxyl radicals (considered as strongly oxidant agents).
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biotechnological Tools to Develop Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Plants
Biotechnological tools include several methods used for plants to develop tolerance to abiotic stress. The genetic transformation of tomato relies highly on the tissue culture technique. Advances in the field of plant genetic transformation have enabled the identification of genes that are responsible for tolerance to different environmental stresses. Various biotechnological tools can be used to alter the tomato genes so that this species can more rapidly or better adapt to abiotic stress. Further advancement in understanding the genomics of wild relatives of tomatoes and other Solanaceae has facilitated their exploitation in various breeding programs aiming to introgress genes responsible for abiotic stress resistance in cultivars.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Crop Wastes
The food industry as a whole is one of the main contributors for food losses and waste generation. To deal with such wastes, research and efforts have been made for the development and valorization of bioactive compounds present in food wastes such as leaves, peels, seeds, and pulp.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors
Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Dioxide Capture By Biopolymer-Derived Porous Materials
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere is responsible for global warming which in turn causes abrupt climate change and consequently poses a threat to the living organisms in the coming years. CO2 capture and separation are crucial to reduce the CO2 content in the atmosphere. Post-combustion capture is one of the most useful techniques for capturing CO2 due to its practicality and ease of use. For adsorption-driven post-combustion CO2 capture, sorbents with large surface area, high volume, and narrow pores are highly effective. Natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, are less expensive, more plentiful, and can be modified by a variety of methods to produce porous materials and thus can be effectively utilized for CO2 capture. A significant amount of research activities has already been established in this field, especially in the last ten years and are still in progress. In this review, we have introduced the latest developments to the readers about synthetic techniques, post-synthetic modifications and CO2 capture capacities of various biopolymer-based materials published in the last five years (2018–2022).
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Grammar Correction for Multiple Errors in Chinese
Grammar Error Correction (GEC) is a key task in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Its purpose is to automatically detect and correct grammatical errors in sentences, and it holds immense research value. The mainstream methods for grammar correction primarily rely on sequence tagging and text generation, which are two end-to-end approaches. These methods demonstrate exemplary performance in domains with low error density, but often fail to provide satisfactory results in high error density situations where multiple errors exist in a single sentence. As a result, these methods tend to over-correct correct words, leading to a high false alarm rate.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Functional Fiber-Based Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerators
The quality of human life has improved thanks to the rapid development of wearable electronics. Previously, bulk structures were usually selected for the fabrication of high performance electronics, but these are not suitable for wearable electronics due to mobility limitations and comfortability. Fibrous material-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can provide power to wearable electronics due to their advantages such as light weight, flexibility, stretchability, wearability, etc. Fiber materials, multiple fabrication methods, and fundamentals of TENGs are described. Moreover, advances in functional fiber-based wearable TENGs are introduced. Furthermore, the challenges to functional fiber-based TENGs are discussed, and possible solutions are suggested. Finally, the use of TENGs in hybrid devices is introduced for a broader introduction of fiber-based energy harvesting technologies.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Nov 2023
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