Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Aromatic Nitroderivatives
Aromatic nitroderivatives are compounds of considerable environmental concern, because some of them are phytotoxic (especially the nitrophenols, and particularly 2,4-dinitrophenol), others are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic (e.g., the nitroderivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-nitropyrene), and all of them absorb sunlight as components of the brown carbon. The latter has the potential to affect the climatic feedback of atmospheric aerosols. Most nitroderivatives are secondarily formed in the environment and, among their possible formation processes, photonitration upon irradiation of nitrate or nitrite is an important pathway that has periodically gained considerable attention. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Global Action on SDGs
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provided brand new goals and action targets for human well-being and development, but the COVID-19 pandemic has cast a shadow on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is therefore essential to provide a reference for making policy adjustments and transformations to promote the realization of SDGs in the post-pandemic era. Based on a literature review of the progress and policies of SDGs across countries worldwide, we find that research on sustainable policies has rapidly increased since the SDGs issued in 2015 with particular focuses on eco-environment, sustainable policies, green economy, sanitation and health, and water sanitation. Most countries are in the process of nationalization, institutionalization, and universalization of the SDGs through incorporating the SDGs into national development frameworks, enabling extensive participation and negotiation mechanisms, and promoting the SDGs’ national publicity. Countries of different economic and institutional backgrounds demonstrate divergent development pathways, priorities, measures, and progress in the implementation of SDGs. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Virus Host Interaction and Uncoating
Influenza is a zoonotic respiratory disease of major public health interest due to its pandemic potential, and a threat to animals and the human population. The influenza A virus genome consists of eight single-stranded RNA segments sequestered within a protein capsid and a lipid bilayer envelope. During host cell entry, cellular cues contribute to viral conformational changes that promote critical events such as fusion with late endosomes, capsid uncoating and viral genome release into the cytosol. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
A-FABP in Metabolic Diseases
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), which is also known as ap2 or FABP4, is a fatty acid chaperone that has been further defined as a fat-derived hormone. It regulates lipid homeostasis and is a key mediator of inflammation. Circulating levels of A-FABP are closely associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic diseases with imminent diagnostic and prognostic significance. Numerous animal studies have elucidated the potential underlying mechanisms involving A-FABP in these diseases. Recent studies demonstrated its physiological role in the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis and its pathological roles in ischemic stroke and liver fibrosis. Due to its implication in various diseases, A-FABP has become a promising target for the development of small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies for disease treatment. This review summarizes the clinical and animal findings of A-FABP in the pathogenesis of cardio-metabolic diseases in recent years.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Efficiency-Based Global Green Manufacturing Innovation Index
Manufacturing Innovation Index (GGMII) was developed by formulating an input-oriented data envelopment analysis model. Criteria such as the value added to the gross domestic product (GDP), corresponding CO2 emissions, and unemployment rates were examined in order to represent the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of SD, respectively. Other scientific and technological dimensions were also considered. The data corresponding to all ten of the criteria were collected from World Bank Open Data. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Omega-3 LCPUFAs against Age-Related Cognitive Impairment
Among nutrients to cope with aging in special cognitive decline, the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have emerged as very promising ones. Due to their neuroinflammatory resolving effects, an increased status of DHA and EPA in the elderly has been linked to better cognitive function and a lower risk of dementia. Recently, supplementation with structured forms of EPA and DHA, which can be derived natural forms or targeted structures, have proven enhanced bioavailability and powerful benefits. 
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Novel Treatment Options for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common blood cancer in pediatric patients. Despite the enormous progress in ALL treatment, which is reflected by a high 5-year overall survival rate that reaches up to 96% in the most recent studies, there are still patients that cannot be saved. Treatment of ALL is based on conventional methods, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. These methods carry with them the risk of very high toxicities. Severe complications related to conventional therapies decrease their effectiveness and can sometimes lead to death. Therefore, currently, numerous studies are being carried out on novel forms of treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
New-Onset Acute Kidney Disease Post COVID-19 Vaccination
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused an exceptional setback to the global economy and health. Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions to markedly decrease severe illness and death from COVID-19. Acute kidney disease (AKD) is defined as a condition of acute or subacute damage and/or loss of renal function between 7 and 90 days after exposure to an AKI initiating event
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Roles of LacdiNAc Group on N- and O-glycans
The GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) group is widely expressed on N- and O-glycans in invertebrates, in particular, parasitic helminths. An increasing number of studies have shown that the disaccharide GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc) group bound to N- and O-glycans in glycoproteins is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells. Biosynthesis of the LacdiNAc group was well studied, and two β4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, β4GalNAcT3 and β4GalNAcT4, have been shown to transfer N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) of N- and O-glycans in a β-1,4-linkage. The LacdiNAc group is often sialylated, sulfated, and/or fucosylated, and the LacdiNAc group, with or without these modifications, is recognized by receptors and lectins and is thus involved in the regulation of several biological phenomena, such as cell differentiation.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Extra Virgin Olive Oil from Destoned Fruits
Many factors influence the quality of virgin olive oil: olives, harvesting methods, extraction technologies from the crushing of the olives to the separation of the oily phase. All the operations required in the oil extraction process are aimed at obtaining the highest quality of oil from the fruits. In this context, the preparation phase of the olive paste is very fundamental.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Indigenous Kinabatangan Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptations
Indigenous perspectives on the effects of climate change are frequently elicited through surveys and interviews, and the responses are compared to meteorological data. However, there remains a limited approach to examining the underlying predictors that best determine Indigenous support for adaptation strategies. Some Indigenous communities do not draw a causal link between the effects and responses to climate hazards. Coping strategies such as the inclusion of Indigenous livelihoods, a bottom-up approach, and transparent communication are suggested to cultivate Indigenous support for climate change adaptation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
List of AMD Athlon 64 Microprocessors
The Athlon 64 microprocessor from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is an eighth-generation central processing unit (CPU). Athlon 64 is targeted at the consumer market.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Interventions for Complementing Celiac Disease and Beyond
Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy caused by ingesting dietary gluten proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting around 1.4% of the population globally. The only acceptable treatment for CeD is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, in some cases, GFD does not alter gluten-induced symptoms. In addition, strict adherence to a GFD reduces patients’ quality of life and is often a socio-economic burden. Therefore, dietary and non-dietary interventions are investigated. This entry concentrates on the recent research on the degradation of gluten through enzymes, the modulation of the microbiome, and the different types of “biotics” strategies, from probiotics to the less explored “viromebiotics” as possible beneficial complementary interventions for CeD management and other less understood gluten-related disorders beyond the GFD.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the prosencephalon in humans. It is characterized by a continuum of structural brain anomalies resulting from the failure of midline cleavage of the prosencephalon. The three classic subtypes of HPE are alobar, semilobar and lobar.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microfiber Emissions from Functionalized Textiles
Increasing textile waste collection and reuse can overall reduce the amount of landfills and possibly reduce microfiber emissions. Used textiles can be reused into industrial rags, furniture decorations, purses, backpacks, advertising textiles, and more to extend their lives.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Microscopic Colitis
Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is classified as either collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis. The typical presentation is chronic watery diarrhea.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Measurement Techniques for Soil Organic Matter Assessment
Parameters that determine soil organic matter (SOM) status, soil health, and functions are generally difficult to measure directly. Therefore, they are evaluated by deriving indicators that correlate with soil conditions. Soil condition indicators may be chemical, physical, or biological, and can be either descriptive or quantitative. Descriptive indicators are qualitative and are used in the field, while quantitative indicators are assessed by laboratory analytical procedures. Because total soil organic matter is often not sensitive enough to small and short-term changes due to its complexity levels and background, some studies have recommended using soil organic matter fractions (sub-pools) as more sensitive indicators to detect even small changes over a short period of time. These fractions or sub-pools have been classified by various researchers based on their formation, levels, and ease of decomposition. They include labile, less-stable, and stable fractions. The most labile fraction can decompose in less than a year or two, while the actively decomposing fraction, including partially stabilized organic material from plants and microbial metabolites, may have a turnover of up to 26 years. There is also a chemically stabilized and resistant fraction with a radiocarbon age of up to 2500 years. Quantitative analysis of SOM can be performed using various parameters, including oxidation kinetics, lability, carbon management index, humification degree, humification index, and humification ratio. On the other hand, qualitative evaluation of SOM can involve techniques such as oxidizability, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, visual examination, smell, assessment of microorganism content, plant growth, cation exchange capacity, type of organic material, and decomposition. These techniques and parameters provide valuable insights into the characteristics and transformation of SOM, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics. Evaluating SOM dynamics is of utmost importance as it is a determining factor for soil health, fertility, organic matter stability, and sustainability. Therefore, developing SOM models and other assessment techniques based on soil properties, environmental factors, and management practices can serve as a tool for sustainable management. Long-term or extensive short-term experimental data should be used for modeling to obtain reliable results, especially for quantitative SOM transformation analysis, and changes in the quality and quantity of SOM should be considered when developing sustainable soil management strategies.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Optimization of Friction Stir Welding Process
The important friction stir welding process (FSW) parameters affecting the joint quality are the rotational speed, tilt angle, traverse speed, axial force, and tool profile geometry.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Past Developments of Carpathian Forests
The Carpathians are the second largest mountain range in Europe and provide multiple ecosystem services of enormous regional importance. The Carpathians belong to seven Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia), whose share of forest land is among the lowest in Europe (27%). With a total area of 9.92 million hectares, Carpathian forests constitute over 70% of the total forested land in Slovakia and Romania, with Romania alone harboring more than 45% of all Carpathian forests. Most of the Carpathian forests are dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies), oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), and silver fir (Abies alba) stands, covering over 70% of the altitudinal range (with the highest point being Gerlachovský štít, 2655 m a.s.l., in the Slovakian Tatra Mountains). The Carpathian Mountains were characterized in terms of their forests in the period starting from Holocene deglaciation. Climate fluctuations and human activities have led to substantial changes in forest systems, and anthropogenic activities, such as logging, fire activities, and grazing, have shaped the distribution and structure of present-day Carpathian forests. The rapid climate change in recent decades adds uncertainty to the future development of these forest systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease (CD) is a multifactiorial enteropathy that affects the small intestine of genetically predisposed individuals. A condition of partial to total atrophy, together with crypt hyperplasia and consistent lymphocytic infiltration, characterises the intestinal mucosa of affected patients. The main environmental trigger is a heterogenic proteic component of some dietary cereals, commonly known as gluten. A strong immune response against gluten, both cellular and humoral, is mounted in CD, accompanied by a humoral autoimmune response against self-proteins, in particular type 2 transglutaminase (TG2).
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback