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Topic Review
Domain Composition of MAST Kinases
Microtubule-Associated Serine/Threonine (MAST) kinases represent an evolutionary conserved branch of the AGC protein kinase superfamily in the kinome. Since the discovery of the founding member, MAST2, in 1993, three additional family members have been identified in mammals and found to be broadly expressed across various tissues, including the brain, heart, lung, liver, intestine and kidney.
  • 751
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Transcriptional Enhancers in Cancer
One of the major challenges in cancer treatments is the dynamic adaptation of tumor cells to cancer therapies. In this regard, tumor cells can modify their response to environmental cues without altering their DNA sequence. This cell plasticity enables cells to undergo morphological and functional changes, for example, during the process of tumour metastasis or when acquiring resistance to cancer therapies. Central to cell plasticity, are the dynamic changes in gene expression that are controlled by a set of molecular switches called enhancers. Enhancers are DNA elements that determine when, where and to what extent genes should be switched on and off. Thus, defects in enhancer function can disrupt the gene expression program and can lead to tumour formation. Here, we review how enhancers control the activity of cancer-associated genes and how defects in these regulatory elements contribute to cell plasticity in cancer. Understanding enhancer (de)regulation can provide new strategies for modulating cell plasticity in tumour cells and can open new research avenues for cancer therapy. 
  • 750
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Systemic Sclerosis-Related Lung Fibrosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma, is an autoimmune connective tissue disease with one of the highest mortality rates among the rheumatic diseases. Fibrosis is recognized to be a defining feature of SSc, affecting the skin and multiple visceral organs. As a result, SSc is considered the prototypic fibrosing disease. 
  • 750
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Duplex DNA and G-Quadruplexes
Biomedicine may be considered the cornerstone of modern health care.  It includes key enabled technologies such as molecular biology, biotechnology, nanobiotechnology, biological engineering, etc., and concerns a wide range of scientific and technological approaches that range from the understanding of molecular interactions to the study of gene therapy.
  • 749
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Benzodiazepine Modulation of GABAA Receptors
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a class of widely prescribed psychotropic drugs that target GABAA receptors (GABAARs) to tune inhibitory synaptic signaling throughout the central nervous system. Despite knowing their molecular target, the researchers still do not fully understand the mechanism of modulation at the level of the channel protein. Nonetheless, functional studies, together with cryo-EM structures of GABAA(α1)2(βX)2(γ2)1 receptors in complex with BZDs, provide a wealth of information to aid in addressing this gap in knowledge. 
  • 749
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pleiotropic Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species
The excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diseases. ROS are central to cellular redox regulation and act as second messengers to activate redox-sensitive signals. Studies have revealed that certain sources of ROS can be beneficial or harmful to human health. Considering the essential and pleiotropic roles of ROS in basic physiological functions, future therapeutics should be designed to modulate the redox state. Dietary phytochemicals, microbiota, and metabolites derived from them can be expected to be developed as drugs to prevent or treat disorders in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 749
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Health-Promotion Effects of Anthocyanins Derived from Cornelian Cherry
The cornelian cherry is a plant that annually provides fruits, drupe-type, ranging in color from yellow through pink, red, carmine, and almost black. Cornelian cherry bears abundant fruit in temperate climate conditions, which means that its dark-colored fruits can be treated as an excellent source of anthocyanins. After consuming, anthocyanins have a protective function in the human body. Raw fruit extracts and their pure isolates, rich in anthocyanins, have a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. 
  • 748
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Magnetic Ionic Liquids in Sample Preparation
In the last decades, a myriad of materials has been synthesized and utilized for the development of sample preparation procedures. The use of their magnetic analogues has gained significant attention and many procedures have been developed using magnetic materials. In this context, the benefits of a new class of magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), as non-conventional solvents, have been reaped in sample preparation procedures. MILs combine the advantageous properties of ionic liquids along with the magnetic properties, creating an unsurpassed combination. Owing to their unique nature and inherent benefits, the number of published reports on sample preparation with MILs is increasing. This fact, along with the many different types of extraction procedures that are developed, suggests that this is a promising field of research. Advances in the field are achieved both by developing new MILs with better properties (showing either stronger response to external magnetic fields or tunable extractive properties) and by developing and/or combining methods, resulting in advanced ones.
  • 747
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Potential in Gliomas
Gliomas portray a large and heterogeneous group of CNS tumors, encompassing a wide range of low- to high-grade tumors, as defined by histological and molecular characteristics. The identification of signature mutations and other molecular abnormalities has largely impacted tumor classification, diagnosis, and therapy. Transcription factors (TFs) are master regulators of gene expression programs, which ultimately shape cell fate and homeostasis. A variety of TFs have been detected to be aberrantly expressed in brain tumors, being highly implicated in critical pathological aspects and progression of gliomas.
  • 747
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Arsenite Inducible Regulatory Particle-Associate Protein
Maintaining 26S proteasome activity under diverse physiological conditions is a fundamental requirement in order to maintain cellular proteostasis. Several quantitative and qualitative mechanisms have evolved to ensure that ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) substrates do not accumulate and lead to promiscuous protein–protein interactions that, in turn, lead to cellular malfunction.
  • 746
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
The thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), a complication of COVID-19 vaccines, involves thrombosis (often cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) and thrombocytopenia with occasional pulmonary embolism and arterial ischemia. TTS appears to mostly affect females aged between 20 and 50 years old, with no predisposing risk factors conclusively identified so far. Cases are characterized by thrombocytopenia, higher levels of D-dimers than commonly observed in venous thromboembolic events, inexplicably low fibrinogen levels and worsening thrombosis.
  • 745
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oestradiol Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in Gynaecological Cancers
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support cell proliferation, growth, and dissemination, a trait now considered a hallmark of cancer. Alterations in lipid metabolism, and specifically, the uptake and synthesis of fatty acids (FAs), constitute one well-documented aspect of this reprogramming. Fatty acids (FAs) are carboxylic acids, consisting of hydrocarbon chains with varying degrees of length, branching and saturation. They act as primary building blocks for lipid species, such as phospholipids, sphingolipids and triglycerides, all of which participate in a wide array of biological processes. In addition to these roles, FAs are also well established as having a critical role in altering gene transcription by regulating the activity of FA-sensitive transcription factors, particularly sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). More recently, dysregulated FA metabolism has been reported and studied in many cancer types, including gynaecological cancers. FA metabolism supports tumorigenesis and cancer progression through a range of processes, including membrane biosynthesis, energy storage and production, and generation of signalling intermediates. Female sex hormones, specifically oestradiol, play a crucial role in regulating FA metabolism and are also implicated in promoting the risk of gynaecological cancers. The increased risk for these cancers and their pathogenesis has been epidemiologically linked to abnormally high levels of serum oestradiol. Emerging evidence indicates aberrant FA metabolism is postulated to be mediated by the action of oestradiol, either directly via their classical, oestrogen receptor (ER)-mediated pathways, or indirectly through the insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) receptors (IGIFR), with the levels of serum oestradiol and the IGFIR pathway both dysregulated, not only in gynaecological cancers but also in obesity.  However, the mechanisms linking oestradiol to the dysregulation of FA metabolism in these cancer types are still underexplored.
  • 745
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases
An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the body can lead to oxidative stress, which is one of the major causes of neurodegenerative diseases. The gut microbiota contains trillions of beneficial bacteria that play an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. The microbiota–gut–brain axis has emerged as a new field that has revolutionized the study of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, a growing number of studies have found that communication between the brain and the gut microbiota can be accomplished through the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Importantly, dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been strongly associated with the development of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the gut microbiota and redox homeostasis will help explain the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases from a new perspective and provide a theoretical basis for proposing new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 745
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Role of Enhancer-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation in Precision Biology
The emergence of precision biology has been driven by the development of advanced technologies and techniques in high-resolution biological research systems. Enhancer-mediated transcriptional regulation, a complex network of gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes, has attracted significant attention as a promising avenue for investigating the underlying mechanisms of biological processes and diseases. To address biological problems with precision, large amounts of data, functional information, and research on the mechanisms of action of biological molecules is required to address biological problems with precision. Enhancers, including typical enhancers and super enhancers, play a crucial role in gene expression and regulation within this network. The identification and targeting of disease-associated enhancers hold the potential to advance precision medicine.
  • 745
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metalloproteinases of Social Determinants of Health
There are three main families of metalloproteinases (MPs) that are involved in human health and disease: (1) the “matrix metalloproteinase” (MMP) family, (2) the “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM) family, and (3) the “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” (ADAMTS) family. MPs are relevant to public health because of their role in several diseases and, most of all, their role as biomarkers that also impact the quality of life and the psychosocial dimension of affected patients. In this context, new pathways to precision health and precision medicine have been opened in the area of MPs. 
  • 745
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
FABP1,  FABP2 and FABP3
Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a class of low-molecular-weight intracellular proteins that play a role as a transporter by binding to hydrophobic ligands, typically fatty acids, with different affinities, and are involved in the metabolism of these fatty acids (FAs). These hydrophobic ligands include, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosanoids, and other lipids. FABPs have been shown to be important in modulating lipid metabolism, gene regulation, and signal transmission. They have been thought of as the key mediators in the metabolic and inflammatory processes.
  • 745
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide Synthases Inhibitor T1023
A nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, compound T1023 induce transient hypoxia and prevent acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in mice. Significant efficacy and safety in radioprotective doses (1/5–1/4 LD10) can prove its ability to prevent complications of tumor radiation therapy (RT).
  • 744
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal Circular RNAs in Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine tumor. The genetic and epigenetic molecular alterations of TC have become more evident in recent years. However, a deeper understanding of the roles these molecular changes play in TC tumorigenesis and progression is essential in developing a successful treatment strategy and improving patients’ prognoses. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a family of non-coding RNAs, have been implicated in several aspects of carcinogenesis in multiple cancers, including TC. 
  • 744
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Short Interfering RNAs
RNA interference (RNAi) has inarguably been a revolutionary discovery in the field of biology in the last several decades. The discovery of small (20–30 nucleotide long) non-coding RNAs that can regulate genes and the genome completely transformed RNA biology. These small RNAs can guide effector proteins targeting any complementary nucleotide sequence through the RNAi pathway, thereby downregulating its expression level. Napoli and Jorgensen first reported small RNA-mediated gene regulation in plants while working with chalcone synthase (CHS) in petunia.
  • 744
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Genomic Alterations in Gynaecological Cancers
Endometrial cancer (EC) and cervical cancer (CC) are common malignancies in women in clinical practice. More uncommon non-ovarian malignancies, such as vulval cancer (VC), are also becoming more prevalent in women of all ages. According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network, ECs can be classified into four groups according to their genetic and molecular information.
  • 744
  • 19 Jun 2023
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