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Topic Review
Atmospheric Turbulence
The foundation of any smart city requires an innovative and robust communication infrastructure. Many research communities envision free-space optical communication (FSO) as a promising backbone technology for the services and applications provided by such cities. However, the channel through which the FSO signal travels is the atmosphere. Therefore, the FSO performance is limited by the local weather conditions. The variation in meteorological variables leads to variations of the refractive index along the transmission path. These index inhomogeneities (i.e., atmospheric turbulence) can significantly degrade the performance of FSO systems.  The effect of atmospheric turbulence on FSO systems is a considerable challenge. Such turbulence can produce beam scintillation, spreading, and wandering, resulting in a significant reduction in BER performance and the inability to use the communication link.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Power Electronics and Battery Cooling Methods
The global promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) through various incentives has led to a significant increase in their sales. The prolonged charging duration remains a significant hindrance to the widespread adoption of these vehicles and the broader electrification of transportation. While DC-fast chargers have the potential to significantly reduce charging time, they also result in high power demands that the grid and hence may require local battery energy storage systems (BESS) for peak shaving applications. A high power demand also creates high losses and cooling methods play an important role in overall efficiency, sound pollution, system size, reliability, and lifetime of the system.  
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
GaN-Based LEDs: Modeling and Simulation
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on Gallium Nitride (GaN) have been revolutionizing various applications in lighting, displays, biotechnology, and other fields. Many theoretical models have been developed for GaN-LED simulation, analysis, and design optimization, including carrier transport models, quantum well recombination models, and light extraction models. The overview below is a strongly abbreviated version of Ref. [1].
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Flexible Electronics
Flexible electronics is a rapidly growing technology for a multitude of applications. Wearables and flexible displays are some application examples.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electric Motor and Battery Faults of Electric Vehicles
Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is of utmost importance in ensuring the safety and reliability of electric vehicles (EVs). The EV’s power train and energy storage, namely the electric motor drive and battery system, are critical components that are susceptible to different types of faults. Failure to detect and address these faults in a timely manner can lead to EV malfunctions and potentially catastrophic accidents. In the realm of EV applications, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) and lithium-ion battery packs have garnered significant attention.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Integrated Microfluidic-Based Platforms
Integrated microfluidic platforms (IMPs) refer to diagnostic or analytic platforms that utilize, in part, a microfluidic-based system to facilitate the combination of several different steps of medical diagnoses toward full or partial automation. The integration of microfluidics in novel diagnostic technologies takes advantage of micrometric-scale fluids behaving very differently than fluids at volumes seen in our everyday lives. The two main types of currently existing microfluidic systems are continuous-flow and droplet-based systems that can both be further classified based on their respective materials and detection methods.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Compound Parabolic Concentrator-Based Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors
The compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collectors belong to a class of concentrators called non-imaging concentrators. These concentrators allow the design of optical systems that can attain maximum geometric concentrations permitted by laws of physical conservation for a given angular field. As opposed to imaging or focusing concentrators, the concentrators based on non-imaging optics are capable of achieving moderate levels of concentration without tracking the sun.
  • 1.9K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Selection of OCV–SOC Model for Battery Management Systems
A battery management system (BMS) plays a crucial role to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of a rechargeable Li-ion battery pack. State of charge (SOC) estimation is an important operation within a BMS. Estimated SOC is required in several BMS operations, such as remaining power and mileage estimation, battery capacity estimation, charge termination, and cell balancing. The open circuit voltage (OCV) model needs to be stored within the battery management system for real-time SOC estimation. The selection, storage, and processing of OCV models involve several design constraints.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Low-Voltage GaN FETs in Motor Control Application
The efficiency and power density improvement of power switching converters play a crucial role in energy conversion. In the field of motor control, this requires an increase in the converter switching frequency together with a reduction in the switching legs’ dead time. This target turns out to be complex when using pure silicon switch technologies. Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices have appeared in the switching device arena in recent years and feature much more favorable static and dynamic characteristics compared to pure silicon devices. In the field of motion control, there is a growing use of GaN devices, especially in low voltage applications.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Substrate Integrated Waveguide
A Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) (also known as post-wall waveguide or laminated waveguide) is a synthetic rectangular electromagnetic waveguide formed in a dielectric substrate by densely arraying metallized posts or via-holes which connect the upper and lower metal plates of the substrate. The waveguide can be easily fabricated with low-cost mass-production using through-hole techniques where the post walls consists of via fences. SIW is known to have similar guided wave and mode characteristics to conventional rectangular waveguide with equivalent guide wavelength. Since the emergence of new communication technologies in the 1990s, there has been an increasing need for high-performance millimeter-wave systems. These need to be reliable, low-cost, compact, and compatible with high-frequencies. Unfortunately, above 10 GHz, the well known microstrip and coplanar lines technologies cannot be used because they have high insertion and radiation losses at these frequencies. The rectangular waveguide topology can overcome these issues as it offers an excellent immunity against radiation losses and presents low insertion losses. But in their classical form, rectangular waveguide is not compatible with the miniaturization required by modern applications. The concept of SIW was developed in the early 2000s by Ke Wu to reconcile those requirements. The authors presented a platform for integrating all the components of a microwave circuit inside a single substrate, with a rectangular cross-section. Using a single substrate guarantees a limited volume and a simplicity of manufacture, while the rectangular cross-section of the line provides the advantages of the waveguide topology in terms of losses.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
WirelessHART
The industrialization has led to a huge demand for a network control system to monitor and control multi-loop processes with high effectiveness. WirelessHART is a wireless sensor networking technology based on the existing conventional wired Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol. The protocol utilizes a time-synchronized, self-organizing, and self-healing mesh architecture. This is the first wireless communication protocol that adopts over 2.4 GHz radio-frequency channel in the IEEE 802.15.4 for industrial process control applications.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Atlas of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters in Oceanic Applications
Piezoelectric energy harvesters provide many different application scenarios by having flexibility in their structures, coupling modes, sizes and so on.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Materials for Solar Cells and Supercapacitors
Hybrid systems have gained significant attention among researchers and scientists worldwide due to their ability to integrate solar cells and supercapacitors. Subsequently, this has led to rising demands for green energy, miniaturization and mini-electronic wearable devices. These hybrid devices will lead to sustainable energy becoming viable and fossil-fuel-based sources of energy gradually being replaced. A solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is an electronic device that mainly functions to convert photon energy to electrical energy using a solar power source. 
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Solution-Processed Organic Phototransistors and Their Recent Developments
Today, more disciplines are intercepting each other, giving rise to “cross-disciplinary” research. Technological advancements in material science and device structure and production have paved the way towards development of new classes of multi-purpose sensory devices. Organic phototransistors (OPTs) are photo-activated sensors based on organic field-effect transistors that convert incident light signals into electrical signals. The organic semiconductor (OSC) layer and three-electrode structure of an OPT offer great advantages for light detection compared to conventional photodetectors and photodiodes, due to their signal amplification and noise reduction characteristics. Solution processing of the active layer enables mass production of OPT devices at significantly reduced cost. The chemical structure of OSCs can be modified accordingly to fulfil detection at various wavelengths for different purposes. Organic phototransistors have attracted substantial interest in a variety of fields, namely biomedical, medical diagnostics, healthcare, energy, security, and environmental monitoring. Lightweight and mechanically flexible and wearable OPTs are suitable alternatives not only at clinical levels but also for point-of-care and home-assisted usage.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Rotor Dynamic Scattering
Rotor dynamic scattering refers to the phenomenon that a rotating rotor-like component continuously deflects incident radar waves in the observation field to generate dynamic echoes. This scattering feature has obvious dynamic characteristics and periodic characteristics. Factors such as observation angle, radar wave frequency, polarization mode, rotor disc angle and rotor carrier attitude angle are closely related. The emergence of dynamic scattering has transformed the rotor radar cross-section (RCS) problem from static solution to dynamic analysis. Studying rotor dynamic scattering has great engineering value for designing stealth rotors from the dynamic RCS level.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Insulation System and Aging Phenomenon
The insulating system of the windings of electrical machines is multi-layer and consists of coil and main (slot) insulation. The thickness of the insulation is selected with a margin so that its durability to breakdown is greater than the existing voltage. 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Microgrid Scheduling
Multi-microgrids address the need for a resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective electricity supply by providing a coordinated operation of individual networks. Due to local generation, dynamic network topologies, and islanding capabilities of hosted microgrids or groups thereof, various new fault mitigation and optimization options emerge. However, with the great flexibility, new challenges such as complex failure modes that need to be considered for a resilient operation, appear. Multi-Microgrid scheduling refers to the procedure of jointly controlling the assets in a multi-microgrid such that the potential of multi-microgrids can be leveraged.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Indoor Positioning Technologies for Mobile Robots
With the in-depth development of Industry 4.0 worldwide, mobile robots have become a research hotspot. Indoor localization has become a key component in many fields and the basis for all actions of mobile robots. Herein, 12 mainstream indoor positioning methods and related positioning technologies for mobile robots are introduced and compared in detail.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Digital Technologies in the Water System
Urban water supply systems are complex and dynamic in nature, and as a result, can be considered complex to manage owing to enhanced urbanization levels, climate change, growing and varying consumer demands, and limited water resources. The operation of such a system must be managed effectively for sustainable water supply to satisfy the growing consumer demand. With the increasing growth in technology, the water sector is moving to the full phase of digitalization to enhance the sustainability of systems.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Solar Cells
A photovoltaic (PV) cell is the essential unit of a solar energy generation system in which sunlight is promptly converted to electrical energy. The solar cell is a p-n junction device. n-type refers to the negatively charged electrons donated by donor impurity atoms and p-type refers to the positively charged holes created by acceptor impurity atoms
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jul 2022
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