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Topic Review
The Wavy Liquid Film
Two-phase annular flow in vertical pipes is one of the most common and important flow regimes in fluid mechanics, particularly in the field of building drainage systems where discharges to the vertical pipe are random and the flow is unsteady. With the development of experimental techniques and analytical methods, the understanding of the fundamental mechanism of the annular two-phase flow has been significantly advanced, such as liquid film development, evolution of the disturbance wave, and droplet entrainment mechanism. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
A Novel Composited Electromagnetic Linear Actuator
Electromagnetic linear actuators, as key executive components, have a vital impact on the performance of fully flexible variable valve trains. The research results show that the maximum starting force of the composited electromagnetic linear actuator (CELA) with the end-passive self-holding ability is 574.92 N while the holding force can approach 229.25 N. Moreover, the CELA is proven to have excellent dynamic characteristics and control precision under different motion modes and to have an improved adaptability to the complex working conditions of internal combustion engines.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Potential of Cable-Driven Continuum Robots
Rigid robots have found wide-ranging applications in manufacturing automation, owing to their high loading capacity, high speed, and high precision. Nevertheless, these robots typically feature joint-based drive mechanisms, possessing limited degrees of freedom (DOF), bulky structures, and low manipulability in confined spaces. In contrast, continuum robots, drawing inspiration from biological structures, exhibit characteristics such as high compliance, lightweight designs, and high adaptability to various environments. Among them, cable-driven continuum robots (CDCRs) driven by multiple cables offer advantages like higher dynamic response compared to pneumatic systems and increased working space and higher loading capacity compared to shape memory alloy (SMA) drives. However, CDCRs also exhibit some shortcomings, including complex motion, drive redundancy, challenging modeling, and control difficulties.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Twin-Related Grain Boundary Engineering and Its Applications
The main idea of grain boundary engineering (GBE) evolves from the concept of “grain boundaries (GBs) design and control” proposed by Watanabe. In addition, after nearly 50 years of development, GBE has emerged as a mature method that can be applied to a variety of metallic materials, such as copper alloys, nickel-based alloys, austenitic stainless steels, and lead alloys.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Barrier-Free Wheelchair and Mechanical Transmission
Wheelchairs are widely used around the world to provide mobility to the elderly and disabled [1]. However, the difficulty to access areas with curbs and stairs using a standard electric-powered wheelchair limits the scope of activities, thereby declining the quality of life of those who depend on electric-powered wheelchairs. Although slopes and elevators are being introduced to promote barrier-free locomotion, it is difficult to implement them in all public facilities. Therefore, climbing up and down the stairs is inevitably a critical issue with respect to user safety. With the increasing interest in the aging population and health welfare around the world, various studies on indoor electric wheelchairs for the elderly and disabled are being conducted.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Reliability of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors in Cold Environments
Aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) are vital in efficiently operating switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) by regulating energy storage and voltage. These capacitors are widely used due to their high capacitance and cost-effectiveness. However, their performance at low temperatures is a critical aspect that demands a thorough investigation, particularly in applications where SMPSs are subjected to sub-zero operating conditions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Wind Turbine Icing Modelling Approaches
In this entry, a comprehensive review of wind turbine icing modelling is presented. The commonly applied approaches and the recent advances have been reported based on a systematic and concise literature review. The paper presents a panorama of the current modelling and simulation studies dealing with different aspects of ice accretion on wind turbines.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biological Killing by Cold Plasma
Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is a near-room-temperature partially ionized gas, composed of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. CAP also generates physical factors, including ultraviolet irradiation, thermal emission, and an electromagnetic (EM) effect. The multimodal chemical and physical nature of CAP makes it a suitable, controllable, flexible, and even a self-adaptive tool for many medical and biological applications, ranging from microorganism sterilization, dermatitis, wound healing, and cancer therapy. It is promising that CAP could help to mitigate the COVID 19 pandemic by effectively inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus on diverse surfaces.  Biological killing is a foundation to understand these applications. Reactive species and their radical effects are the foundation to cause the CAP-based biological destruction in most cases. Basically, plasma medicine has even been regarded as a reactive species-based medicine. Here, we provide a systematic introduction and critical summary of the entire picture of biological killing due to CAP treatment and corresponding mechanisms based on the latest discoveries. This work provides guiding principles for diverse applications of CAP in modern biotechnology and medicine.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Geometrical Design of Lattices in Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM, also known as 3D printing) is an advanced manufacturing technique that has enabled progress in the design and fabrication of customised or patient-specific (meta-)biomaterials and biomedical devices (e.g., implants, prosthetics, and orthotics) with complex internal microstructures and tuneable properties. Several design guidelines have been proposed for creating porous lattice structures, particularly for biomedical applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Prestressed Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
Composite materials are developed by combining materials offering unique properties that cannot be achieved individually by the constituent materials. To produce a fibre-reinforced polymer composite, fibres of various configurations and stiffness are embedded into a polymer matrix of lower stiffness. While the fibre is responsible for carrying the load and offering much needed strength and stiffness, the polymer matrix is responsible for the mobility of the load to other parts of the fibre by providing the required binding forces. The matrices also prevent the reinforced fibres from absorbing moisture, propagating micro-cracking due to microbial and chemical attacks.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Biomarkers and Point-of-Care Diagnosis
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Additive Manufacturing Technology
Additive manufacturing is defined as a process based on the superposition of layers of materials in order to obtain 3D (three-dimensional) parts.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Classical Guitar Modelling Technologies
Due to the diversity of phenomena involved in the modeling of musical instruments and the inherent difficulties in formulating vibroacoustics problems, including the various underlying possible dissipating effects, and despite the availability of some classical and computational approaches, this task remains a significant challenge after many years. Analytical modeling and numerical simulation of multiphysics coupled systems is an exciting research area, even when it comes to intrinsically linear or linearized formulations, as is usually the case with coupled vibroacoustic problems. The combined effect of many localized geometrical miss-modeling with significant uncertainty in mechanical characterization of some organic materials yields large discrepancies in the natural frequencies and mode shapes thus obtained.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Complex Motions in Soft Robotics
During the last years, great progress was made in material science in terms of concept, design and fabrication of new composite materials with conferred properties and desired functionalities. The scientific community paid particular interest to active soft materials, such as soft actuators, for their potential as transducers responding to various stimuli aiming to produce mechanical work. Inspired by this, materials engineers today are developing multidisciplinary approaches to produce new active matters, focusing on the kinematics allowed by the material itself more than on the possibilities offered by its design. Traditionally, more complex motions beyond pure elongation and bending are addressed by the robotics community. From basic kinematics (bending, twisting, shear, and compression/elongation) and towards the generation of complex motions (when building the actuator  into the rest of the robot body), several mechanical programming strategies are described in the literature. A wide set of complex motions can be obtained, strongly related to the targeted application.  We define complex motions as deformations beyond pure elongation, shear, twist or bending.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Aqueous Organic Pollutants
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are regarded as effective techniques for organic contaminants removal from water and wastewater.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Universal Equations for Wh and Wm Characteristics
Suter curves for the Wh and Wm characteristics and four-quadrant (4Q) diagrams of 11 radial pump–turbine models with different specific speeds (nq = 24.34, 24.8, 27, 28.6, 38, 41.6, 41.9, 43.83, 50, 56, and 64.04) are presented for the first time, as well as Suter curves for two pump models (nq = 25 and 41.8) previously published in the literature. All of these curves were analyzed to establish a certain universal law of behavior, depending on the specific speed.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fabricating Lattice Structures via 3D-Printing
Over time, the fabrication of lattice, porous structures has always been a controversial field for researchers and practitioners. Such structures could be fabricated in a stochastic way, thus, with limited control over the actual porosity percentage. The emerging technology of 3D printing, offered an automated process that did not require the presence of molds and operated on a layer-by-layer deposition basis, provided the ability to fabricate almost any shape through a variety of materials and methods under the umbrella of the ASTM terminology “additive manufacturing”. In the field of biomedical engineering, the technology was embraced and adopted for relevant applications, offering an elevated degree of design freedom. Applications range in the cases where custom-shaped, patient-specific items have to be produced. Scaffold structures were already a field under research when 3D printing was introduced. These structures had to act as biocompatible, bioresorbable and biodegradable substrates, where the human cells could attach and proliferate. In this way, tissue could be regenerated inside the human body. One of the most important criteria for such a structure to fulfil is the case-specific internal geometry design with a controlled porosity percentage. 3D printing technology offered the ability to tune the internal porosity percentage with great accuracy, along with the ability to fabricate any internal design pattern.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Assessment of Smart Mechatronics Applications in Agriculture
The agriculture sector industry is encountering growing global demand for food but also demand for transparency in food supply chains from food consumers. Because of this, modern, complex methods are necessary, and the significantly increased use of modern mechatronics systems can be recommended. Precision agriculture, a development in mechatronics, is already playing a significant role in agricultural industries, where it has minimized labor requirements and decreased crop production costs by maximizing output. The main benefit of mechatronics system integration in agriculture, however, is a doubling in efficiency compared with manually controlled machines, and this has enabled a revolution in how agricultural crops are established, managed, and harvested 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fracture Behaviors of Metallic Glasses
Fracture properties are crucial for the applications of structural materials. The fracture behaviors of crystalline alloys have been systematically investigated and well understood. The fracture behaviors of metallic glasses (MGs) are quite different from that of conventional crystalline alloys and have drawn wide interests.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Multilayer Coatings for Tribology
Friction and wear usually lead to huge energy loss and failure of machine pairs, which usually causes great economic losses. Researchers have made great efforts to reduce energy dissipation and enhance durability through advanced lubrication technologies. Single-layer coatings have been applied in many sectors of engineering, but the performance of single-layer coatings still has many limitations. One solution to overcome these limitations is to use a multilayer coating that combines different components with varied physical and chemical properties. In addition, multilayer coating with alternating layers only containing two components can lead to improved performance compared to a coating with only two different layers.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 May 2022
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