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Topic Review
Flavonoid-Containing Dietary Supplements for Micronutrient Deficiency
Micronutrient deficiencies related to vitamins and minerals currently affect more than two billion people globally. Understandably, the highest numbers are recorded in lower-income nations, but there is also a growing trend of these deficiencies in high-income countries such as the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. Environmental factors have greatly reduced the variety and the quantity of flavonoids in our daily diet, leading to potential deficiencies and deficiency-associated illnesses.
  • 895
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Histological Pitfall of Dedifferentiated Melanoma
Dedifferentiated melanoma is a particular form of malignant melanoma with a progressive worsening of the patient’s clinical outcome.
  • 894
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Primary Sjogren Syndrome
Primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease mainly affecting salivary and lacrimal glands. Several factors contribute to pSS pathogenesis; in particular, innate immunity seems to play a key role in disease etiology. Invariant natural killer (NK) T cells (iNKT) are a T-cell subset able to recognize glycolipid antigens.
  • 892
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemical Content and Pharmacological Potential of M. oleifera
M. oleifera contains several bioactive phytochemicals including flavonoids and isothiocyanates; polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids; and triterpenoids, moringyne, monopalmitic, di-oleic triglyceride, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, avenasterol, and vitamin A. These bioactive phytochemicals are found in M. oleifera roots, fruits, and seeds. These phytochemicals have medicinal properties which have been shown to be effective antioxidant, antimicrobial, inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic agents. More studies are required to explore the role of bioactive phytochemicals specially in kidney diseases. M. oleifera also possesses a variety of pharmacological properties, which are closely associated with the presence of its bioactive compounds. Therefore, in the following section we highlighted the pharmacological potential of M. oleifera. M. oleifera showed pharmacological potential against some plausible factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and other pathologies responsible for kidney diseases. 
  • 891
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cytomegalovirus Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a double-stranded DNA virus, is an important member of the Herpesviridae family. CMV infection can manifest as asymptomatic, constitutional symptoms or tissue-invasive diseases. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most commonly involved systems and associated with 30% of tissue-invasive diseases among immunocompetent patients. CMV GI disease is defined on the basis of upper and/or lower GI symptoms, macroscopic mucosal lesions, and CMV documented in tissue by histopathology, virus isolation, rapid culture, immunohistochemistry (IHC), or DNA hybridization techniques. However, IHC staining has a higher sensitivity and specificity than routine HE staining.
  • 889
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Varicose Veins of the Lower Limbs
One of the early symptoms of chronic venous disease (CVD) is varicose veins (VV) of the lower limbs. There are many etiological environmental factors influencing the development of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), although genetic factors and family history of the disease play a key role.
  • 889
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Omicron
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a great threat to global public health. The original wild-type strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has genetically evolved, and several variants of concern (VOC) have emerged. On 26 November 2021, a new variant named Omicron (B.1.1.529) was designated as the fifth VOC, revealing that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to go beyond the available therapies. The high number of mutations harboured on the spike protein make Omicron highly transmissible, less responsive to several of the currently used drugs, as well as potentially able to escape immune protection elicited by both vaccines and previous infection. 
  • 886
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases
Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and those receiving long-term proton pump inhibitor treatments are particularly susceptible to zinc deficiency (ZD). ZD in children with celiac disease and IBD is attributed to insufficient intake, reduced absorption, and increased intestinal loss as a result of the inflammatory process. Zinc plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa and exerts a gastroprotective action against gastric lesions. 
  • 877
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Heavy Metals for Macrophage Polarization in Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. The chronic inflammation of the airway is mediated by many cell types, cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators. Research suggests that exposure to air pollution has a negative impact on asthma outcomes in adult and pediatric populations. Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risks to health, and it impacts the lungs’ innate and adaptive defense systems. A major pollutant in the air is particulate matter (PM), a complex component composed of elemental carbon and heavy metals. According to the WHO, 99% of people live in air pollution where air quality levels are lower than the WHO air quality guidelines. This suggests that the effect of air pollution exposure on asthma is a crucial health issue worldwide. Macrophages are essential in recognizing and processing any inhaled foreign material, such as PM. Alveolar macrophages are one of the predominant cell types that process and remove inhaled PM by secreting proinflammatory mediators from the lung.
  • 874
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin, Its Receptors and Molecular Interactions
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has emerged as a critical player in the development and progression of allergy and asthma. It is primarily produced by epithelial cells and functions as a potent immune system activator.
  • 874
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Alternaria alternata Allergy and Its Immunotherapy
Fungal allergy is the third most frequent cause of respiratory pathologies and the most related to a poor prognosis of asthma. The genera Alternaria and Cladosporium are the most frequently associated with allergic respiratory diseases, with Alternaria being the one with the highest prevalence of sensitization. Alternaria alternata is an outdoor fungus whose spores disseminate in warm and dry air, reaching peak levels in temperate summers. Alternaria can also be found in damp and insufficiently ventilated houses, causing what is known as sick building syndrome. Thus, exposure to fungal allergens can occur outdoors and indoors. However, not only spores but also fungal fragments contain detectable amounts of allergens and may function as aeroallergenic sources. Allergenic extracts of Alternaria hyphae and spores are still in use for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases but are variable and insufficiently standardised, as they are often a random mixture of allergenic ingredients and casual impurities. Thus, diagnosis of fungal allergy has been difficult, and knowledge about new fungal allergens is stuck. 
  • 866
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Kiwifruit’s Allergy in Children
Kiwifruit allergy is an emerging pathological condition in both general and pediatric populations with a wide range of symptoms linked to variable molecular patterns, justifying systemic and cross-reactions with other allergens (i.e., latex, pollen, and fruit). Skin prick test (SPT), specific serum IgE (Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, Act d 8, and Act d 10) directed against five out of thirteen molecular allergens described in the literature, and oral test challenge with kiwifruit are available for defining diagnosis. 
  • 861
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intravesical Injections of Platelet-Rich Plasma
Intravesical instillations are based on two fundamental assumptions: restoration of the urothelial barrier or topical anti-inflammatory action. One of the drugs used for topical anti-inflammatory action is Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). This substance has proven to be useful due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and muscle relaxant properties and is also able to block mast cell degranulation.
  • 859
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Diet and Nutrition in Allergic Diseases
Allergic diseases are a set of chronic inflammatory disorders of lung, skin, and nose epithelium characterized by aberrant IgE and Th2 cytokine-mediated immune responses to exposed allergens. The prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, has increased dramatically worldwide in the past several decades. Evidence suggests that diet and nutrition play a key role in the development and severity of allergic diseases. Dietary components can differentially regulate allergic inflammation pathways through host and gut microbiota-derived metabolites, therefore influencing allergy outcomes in positive or negative ways. A broad range of nutrients and dietary components (vitamins A, D, and E, minerals Zn, Iron, and Se, dietary fiber, fatty acids, and phytochemicals) are found to be effective in the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases through the suppression of type 2 inflammation. 
  • 856
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Calcipotriol/Betamethasone Dipropionate in Psoriasis
Preparations containing calcipotriol combined with betamethasone dipropionate (in the forms of ointment, gel, and foam) are available for the topical treatment of psoriasis. It has been documented that foams provide higher bioavailability, resulting in increased efficacy in plaque psoriasis compared to ointments and gels. Gels or foams are preferred by patients for their different practical qualities (e.g., gels for “easy application”, and foams for “immediate relief”). The available data indicate that ointments may be the most effective formulation in nail psoriasis, and gels are preferred by patients with scalp psoriasis because of their cosmetic features. Treatment with a foam formulation is associated with a lower number of medical appointments compared to treatment with an ointment and with a lower probability of developing indications for systemic treatment. The safety profiles of foams, ointments, and gels are comparable, with the most common adverse effect being pruritus at the application site (in 5.8% of the patients). A long-term proactive maintenance therapy markedly reduces the number of relapses and is likely to close the gap between topical and systemic treatment in psoriasis.
  • 854
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinase-10
Matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase with the ability to degrade a broad spectrum of extracellular matrices and other protein substrates. The expression of MMP-10 is induced in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). During the different stages of kidney injury, MMP-10 may exert distinct functions by cleaving various bioactive substrates including heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and pro-MMP-1, -7, -8, -9, -10, -13. Functionally, MMP-10 is reno-protective in AKI by promoting HB-EGF-mediated tubular repair and regeneration, whereas it aggravates podocyte dysfunction and proteinuria by disrupting glomerular filtration integrity via degrading ZO-1. 
  • 848
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Invasive Fusariosis in Patients with Hematologic Diseases
Invasive fusariosis is a serious fungal disease affecting high-risk hematologic patients, especially AML patients receiving induction remission chemotherapy and allogeneic HCT recipients. The most frequent clinical presentation is disseminated disease, with fever, metastatic skin lesions, pneumonia, and positive blood cultures. The outcome is largely dependent on recovery of host defenses, with virtually a 100% death rate in persistently neutropenic patients, despite monotherapy or combination antifungal therapy.
  • 844
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cell Adhesion and Migration in Regenerative Medicine
Cell adhesion and migration is essential for cell survival, communication, and regulation, and it is of fundamental importance in the development and maintenance of tissues. Cell adhesion has been widely explored due to its many important roles in the fields of tissue regenerative engineering and cell biology. With this in mind, researchers are employing novel strategies to harness the utility of cell adhesion—including the use of small molecules to promote adhesion and migration for improved tissue regeneration.
  • 844
  • 05 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Rare Disease
The definition of rare disease (RD) varies across the world. There are about 296 definitions from 1109 organizations, most of which are explicitly or implicitly derived from prevalence thresholds. Such definitions are expressed as a fraction, a percentage, or the number of cases per population (whether that be from 10,000 or 100,000 people). Only a few countries consider a broader set of dimensions that are relevant from a healthcare policy perspective, capturing aspects of vulnerability and socioeconomic impact. This is, for example, the case in Thailand, where the RD definition used by the Universal Coverage Scheme is derived from a combination of a number of cases per population and a broader set of qualitative descriptors that include severity (defined by high morbidity and premature death); difficulties accessing adequate diagnosis, screening, treatment, and lifelong treatment; and high economic burdens on the family and society.
  • 837
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
B Cells in Autoimmunity
B cells are key players in this relationship because activated and differentiated B cells produce secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which binds commensal bacteria to preserve a healthy microbial ecosystem.
  • 834
  • 18 May 2021
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