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Topic Review
Immune Landscape in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a dyscrasia of plasma cells (PCs) characterized by abnormal immunoglobulin (Ig) production. The disease remains incurable due to a multitude of mutations and structural abnormalities in MM cells, coupled with a favorable microenvironment and immune suppression that eventually contribute to the development of drug resistance. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) is composed of a cellular component comprising stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and immune cells, and a non-cellular component made of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the liquid milieu, which contains cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are involved in the adhesion of MM cells, promote the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of MM cells, and are also crucial in angiogenesis and the formation of lytic bone lesions. Classical immunophenotyping in combination with advanced immune profiling using single-cell sequencing technologies has enabled immune cell-specific gene expression analysis in MM to further elucidate the roles of specific immune cell fractions from peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) in myelomagenesis and progression, immune evasion and exhaustion mechanisms, and development of drug resistance and relapse. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID19 Immunity To Immunology
Immunity is an important term directly related to prevent any kind of infection spreading -particularly Covid19 under this pandemic situation . The specs of immunity depends on various factors like Foods & Diets , Environment / Ecology , Good Habits , Natural Remedies like Herbs & Anti-Oxidant therapy. Now we will discuss the every aspects of Immunity for boosting it up for a natural prevention of Covid19 ! . It is our sociological consiousnrss to maintain  strictly our immune system will be strong enough to fight against this Viral Curse .In the Pandemic world of Covid19 there are 300 types of vaccine-evelopment works are ongoing . In india also we have seen SII ( Pune ) are under trial of Phase2-3 trials . AstraZeneca - Oxford university , Cansino , Pfizer are trying under trial vaccine . As we are all aware that it is a long way to  nd out the ethical trial ( Clinical eciency ) universally U.S.S.R has been under claim stage . We the common people are in good hope that the vaccination will get in success to stop such Spike Crown .Without the term immunity vaccination will not be effecrive to irradicate the viral infection .
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PPAR Alpha
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is a potent regulator of systemic and cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, but it also suppresses various inflammatory reactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Models in Brief
Carrageenan-induced inflammatory models have long served as valuable tools in research, shedding light on various aspects of the inflammatory response. This research explores the utility of carrageenan-induced inflammation in studying inflammation, its mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation in Neonatal Encephalopathy
Neuroinflammation caused by hypoxia or hypoxic ischemia during the perinatal period contributes to increased risk for neurological deficits and long-term disabilities in children. Inflammation induced by injury results in activation of the resident and peripheral immune cells and production of cytokines.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators
Resolvins (Rvs), Maresins (MaRs), Protectins (PDs), and Lipoxins (LXs), belong to a large group of molecules known as The Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs). These compounds have been well-characterized since their identification as potent modulators of the immune response and for their effects on inflammation resolution. Furthermore, they have a potential effect on anti-tumor immunity.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized allergic-mediated disease with eosinophil-predominant esophagus inflammation. Its pathogenesis is a complicated network of interactions and signaling between epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells on molecular and intercellular levels.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor
Transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM from the basolateral surface to the apical side of the epithelium and subsequent secretion into mucosal fluids are mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nasal Air Conditioning and SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as with the influenza virus, has been shown to spread more rapidly during winter. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can follow SARS-CoV-2 infection, disproportionately affects older persons and males as well as people living in temperate zone countries with a tropical ancestry. The available data are consistent with optimal warming and humidifying of inspired air by the nose (nasal air conditioning) being essential for minimising SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of the upper respiratory tract (URT)  and, as a consequence, severe COVID-19. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Virus
RNA viruses pose the greatest threat to public health, with the potential to cause global catastrophic biological events, necessitating the identification of attributes of these microorganisms so as to open up new therapeutic and prophylactic avenues. We have come across many viral outbreaks, which put vulnerable individuals at high risk but differ in the vectors of transmission, rates of fatality and transmissibility. Certain viruses such as Dengue and Zika require an intermediate host for their transmission, while diseases such as COVID-19 and Ebola Virus Disease spread directly from human to human. COVID-19, which resulted in the highest number of deaths globally, has triggered a lot of research into the mechanisms of immune responses generated by RNA viruses and also into the various approaches for combating such viral outbreaks. The experiences with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa have provided valuable lessons to the global community in shaping the initial and quick management strategies for COVID-19.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
MSCs for Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been known as a “wear and tear” disease, which is mainly characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and changes in the subchondral bone. Despite the fact that OA is often thought of as a degenerative disease, the catabolic products of the cartilage matrix often promote inflammation by activating immune cells. Current OA treatment focuses on symptomatic treatment, with a primary focus on pain management, which does not promote cartilage regeneration or attenuate joint inflammation. Since articular cartilage have no ability to regenerate, thus regeneration of the tissue is one of the key targets of modern treatments for OA. Cell-based therapies are among the new therapeutic strategies for OA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively researched as potential therapeutic agents in cell-based therapy of OA due to their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and their immunomodulatory properties that can facilitate cartilage repair and regeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Heat Stress Effects Immunity of Dairy Cattle
Heat stress (HS) is a complex phenomenon which triggers a variety of animal response mechanisms that have negative impact on livestock welfare and their production. While these negative effects are well established and known to be associated with production responses, growing body of evidence suggests that HS leads to negative effects on the immune response of dairy cattle. The stress response primarily modulates the immune response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis but is also likely to shift the adaptive immune function from cell mediated to humoral immunity and thus weakens the animal immune function. While the various management strategies such as providing shade and sprinklers for cows, and nutritional supplementation could be adopted to ameliorate some of the negative effects, further research is required to better understand the impact on production responses because of altered immune status of dairy cattle during HS.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
A Telemedicine Approach to Covid-19
        COVID-19 is an RNA virus that has caused a pandemic leading to death and disability on a global scale. The virus gains entry into the cell using host protein angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. The viral envelope fuses with the cell membrane through the endosomal pathway, allowing the viral particle to enter the host cell, where it can release its RNA and replicate. After an initial asymptomatic period, common presenting signs and symptoms of COVID-19 infection are non-specific and may include those of a common cold or influenza such as fever, dry cough, myalgia, headache and fatigue. Sore throat and nasal congestion may also be noted. Gastrointestinal and other symptoms may occur and loss of sense of taste and smell is a frequent early symptom that may distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory infections. The virus is highly contagious and there is no cure. In order to avoid transmission, social distancing, mask wearing and reduced person-to-person interaction are key.  Definitive diagnosis is based on reverse-transcription PCR of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples. The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild to moderate or severe. In order to minimize spread of COVID-19 to both patients and healthcare workers, virtual evaluation of suspected cases is being widely implemented and has necessitated an adjustment to the new medium by all participants. The use of virtual technology for real-time telemedicine assessment for COVID-19 provisional diagnosis and categorization of severity allows patients to receive an appropriate level of care without endangering others. We created a protocol for implementing a remote visit using a computer or mobile device. This enables patient assessement without direct contact to determine the need to visit a healthcare facility or alternatively, to be managed at home. If stable, the patient can isolate and be monitored so that should their condition worsen, they can be directed to in-person care at a hospital. Vigilance in checking on the patient's condition is crucial because those who develop severe COVID-19 may not experience dyspnea and other signs of rapid deterioration until about 5-8 days after symptom onset.  
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen-Targeted Immunotherapy
Glycosylation is one of the most pivotal post-translational modifications on all types of biomolecules for the formation of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycoRNAs in a tissue-type specific manner. Normal glycans participate in biological events such as development, metabolism, differentiation, and immunity in mammalian cells. In cancers, the altered glycosylation, known as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), is specifically expressed on cell surface molecules and play important roles in facilitating tumor formation, progression, metastasis, and immunosurveillance evasion by generating the vulnerable tumor microenvironment through the interaction of glycan binding receptors expressed on immune cells. TACAs are potential tumor glyco-biomarkers, glycoimmune checkpoints, and therapeutics.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Immune Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the major subtype of lung cancer and represents the deadliest human cancer, affecting current-, ex-, and even non-smokers. LUAD is driven by the accumulation of mutations in several different genes, which results in uncontrolled proliferation of the lung cells and the formation of tumors.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Bladder Cancer
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play major roles in solid tumor development. They can have both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties depending on their polarization.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
HMGB1
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a complex and potentially deadly disease. Despite successful obliteration of aneurysm from the circulation, the clinical outcome of aSAH patients is often poor. The reasons for poor outcomes are numerous, including cerebral vasospasm (CVS), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, systemic infections and delayed cerebral ischemia. Although CVS with subsequent cerebral ischemia is one of the main contributors to brain damage after aSAH, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of brain damage. Damaged central nervous system cells release damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) that are important for initiating, driving and sustaining the inflammatory response following an aSAH. The evidence suggested that HMGB1contributes to brain damage during early brain injury and also to the development of CVS during the late phase. Different pharmacological interventions employing natural compounds with HMGB1-antagonizing activity, antibody targeting of HMGB1 or scavenging HMGB1 by soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), have been shown to dampen the inflammation mediated brain damage and protect against CVS. The experimental data suggest that HMGB1 inhibition is a promising strategy to reduce aSAH-related brain damage and CVS. Clinical studies are needed to validate these findings that may lead to the development of potential treatment options that are much needed in aSAH.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mediterranean-Type Diets for Asthma and Atopy
The basis of the MedDi model is the diet of the people of the island of Crete in the early 1950s; it is characterized by a high plant/animal food ratio, and, compared with other populations, it is linked with a markedly low prevalence of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), breast cancer, colorectal cancer, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, asthma, erectile dysfunction, depression and cognitive decline, and with a high life expectancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Immune Cells and Cytokine in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury
Acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP), a commonly used antipyretic analgesic, is becoming increasingly toxic to the liver, resulting in a high rate of acute hepatic failure in Europe and the United States. Excessive APAP metabolism in the liver develops an APAP–protein adduct, which causes oxidative stress, MPTP opening, and hepatic necrosis. HMGB-1, HSP, nDNA, mtDNA, uric acid, and ATP are DMAPs released during hepatic necrosis. DMAPs attach to TLR4-expressing immune cells such KCs, macrophages, and NK cells, activating them and causing them to secrete cytokines. Immune cells and their secreted cytokines have been demonstrated to have a dual function in acetaminophen-induced liver injury (AILI), with a role in either proinflammation or pro-regeneration, resulting in contradicting findings and some research confusion. Neutrophils, KCs, MoMFs, NK/NKT cells, γδT cells, DCs, and inflammasomes have pivotal roles in AILI.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Intravenous Immune Globulin
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is made after processing plasma from healthy donors. It is composed mainly of pooled immunoglobulin and has clinical evidence-based applications in adult and pediatric populations. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jan 2021
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