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Topic Review
MSCs for Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been known as a “wear and tear” disease, which is mainly characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage and changes in the subchondral bone. Despite the fact that OA is often thought of as a degenerative disease, the catabolic products of the cartilage matrix often promote inflammation by activating immune cells. Current OA treatment focuses on symptomatic treatment, with a primary focus on pain management, which does not promote cartilage regeneration or attenuate joint inflammation. Since articular cartilage have no ability to regenerate, thus regeneration of the tissue is one of the key targets of modern treatments for OA. Cell-based therapies are among the new therapeutic strategies for OA. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively researched as potential therapeutic agents in cell-based therapy of OA due to their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and their immunomodulatory properties that can facilitate cartilage repair and regeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus with a genome comprising 10 genes encoding 11 proteins. While RSV triggers common cold symptoms in healthy adults, it poses a much greater threat to infants and the elderly. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis
Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases resulting in gingival inflammation and tooth loss. Growing evidence indicates that it results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, which interferes with the host immune system, leading to bone destruction. Immune cells activate periodontal ligament cells to express the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and promote osteoclast activity. Osteocytes have active roles in periodontitis progression in the bone matrix. Local proteins are involved in bone regeneration through functional immunological plasticity.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles
Dendritic cells have a central role in starting and regulating immune functions in anticancer responses. The crosstalk of dendritic cells with tumors and other immune cell subsets is partly mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by both cell types and is multidirectional. In the case of dendritic cell EVs, the presence of stimulatory molecules and their ability to promote tumor antigen-specific responses, have raised interest in their uses as therapeutics vehicles.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Dysregulated Immune Response after Burn Injury
Burn injury induces a complex inflammatory response, both locally and systemically, and is not yet completely unravelled and understood. In order to enable the development of accurate treatment options, it is of paramount importance to fully understand post-burn immunology. Persistent activity of complement, acute phase proteins and pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, changes in lymphocyte activity, activation of the stress response and infiltration of immune cells have all been related to post-burn local and systemic pathology.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PPAR Alpha
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is a potent regulator of systemic and cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, but it also suppresses various inflammatory reactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
EBOV and SARS-CoV-2
Ebola virus (EBOV), which belongs to the filoviridae family, and the recently emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are two highly pathogenic viruses that exploit very similar endocytic routes to productively infect target cells. This convergence has sped up the experimental assessment of clinical therapies against SARS-CoV-2 previously found to be effective for EBOV, and facilitated their expedited clinical testing.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigen-Reactive T Cells
Neoantigens are mutated proteins that arise from tumor-specific mutations.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Th17 Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer
Th17 cells are the main source of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17; however, the receptor of this cytokine (IL-17R) is distributed ubiquitously. IL-17 (IL-17A) is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family consisting of IL-17A–F (IL-17E is also known as IL-25) and directly links inflammatory responses and T-cell activation.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress Effects Immunity of Dairy Cattle
Heat stress (HS) is a complex phenomenon which triggers a variety of animal response mechanisms that have negative impact on livestock welfare and their production. While these negative effects are well established and known to be associated with production responses, growing body of evidence suggests that HS leads to negative effects on the immune response of dairy cattle. The stress response primarily modulates the immune response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis but is also likely to shift the adaptive immune function from cell mediated to humoral immunity and thus weakens the animal immune function. While the various management strategies such as providing shade and sprinklers for cows, and nutritional supplementation could be adopted to ameliorate some of the negative effects, further research is required to better understand the impact on production responses because of altered immune status of dairy cattle during HS.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized allergic-mediated disease with eosinophil-predominant esophagus inflammation. Its pathogenesis is a complicated network of interactions and signaling between epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells on molecular and intercellular levels.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigen-Targeted Immunotherapy
Glycosylation is one of the most pivotal post-translational modifications on all types of biomolecules for the formation of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycoRNAs in a tissue-type specific manner. Normal glycans participate in biological events such as development, metabolism, differentiation, and immunity in mammalian cells. In cancers, the altered glycosylation, known as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), is specifically expressed on cell surface molecules and play important roles in facilitating tumor formation, progression, metastasis, and immunosurveillance evasion by generating the vulnerable tumor microenvironment through the interaction of glycan binding receptors expressed on immune cells. TACAs are potential tumor glyco-biomarkers, glycoimmune checkpoints, and therapeutics.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The RadScopal Technique to Treat Cancer
The RadScopalTM technique is an innovative treatment approach that combines high-dose radiotherapy (H-XRT) directed to a primary tumor with low-dose radiotherapy (L-XRT) applied to secondary tumor(s) in patients currently undergoing or who have progressed on immunotherapy. The goal of this approach is to turn the primary tumor microenvironment (TME) into an in-situ vaccine that primes T-cells, while modulating the tumor stroma of secondary/metastatic lesions to enhance the infiltration and antitumor functions of effector immune cells. Furthermore, L-XRT is capable of reducing TGF-β levels and polarizing macrophages from M2 to M1 phenotype, thereby counteracting disadvantages that may be induced by H-XRT.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Subsets
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a complex network of cell subsets with common functions but also with many divergent aspects. All dendritic cell subsets share the ability to prime T cell response and to undergo a complex trafficking program related to their stage of maturation and function. For these reasons, dendritic cells are implicated in a large variety of both protective and detrimental immune responses, including a crucial role in promoting anti-tumor responses. Although cDC1s are the most potent subset in tumor antigen cross-presentation, they are not sufficient to induce full-strength anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell response and need close interaction and cooperativity with the other dendritic cell subsets, namely cDC2s and pDCs. Here, the functional role of dendritic cell subsets in suppressing tumor growth is discussed. Understanding the specificity of dendritic cell subsets will allow to gain insights on role of these cells in pathological conditions and to design new selective promising therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
cfDNA Analysis
Degraded DNA fragments released into the blood or other fluids are known as cfDNA. Its first detection dates back to 1948 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MRNA-Based Vaccines
The mRNA-based vaccine approach is a promising alternative to traditional vaccines due to its ability for prompt development, high potency, and potential for secure administration and low-cost production.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola Virus
RNA viruses pose the greatest threat to public health, with the potential to cause global catastrophic biological events, necessitating the identification of attributes of these microorganisms so as to open up new therapeutic and prophylactic avenues. We have come across many viral outbreaks, which put vulnerable individuals at high risk but differ in the vectors of transmission, rates of fatality and transmissibility. Certain viruses such as Dengue and Zika require an intermediate host for their transmission, while diseases such as COVID-19 and Ebola Virus Disease spread directly from human to human. COVID-19, which resulted in the highest number of deaths globally, has triggered a lot of research into the mechanisms of immune responses generated by RNA viruses and also into the various approaches for combating such viral outbreaks. The experiences with the Ebola outbreak in West Africa have provided valuable lessons to the global community in shaping the initial and quick management strategies for COVID-19.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Intravenous Immune Globulin
Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) is made after processing plasma from healthy donors. It is composed mainly of pooled immunoglobulin and has clinical evidence-based applications in adult and pediatric populations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Zinc Finger and BTB Domain-Containing 20 in Cancers
Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 20 (ZBTB20), which was initially identified in human dendritic cells, belongs to a family of transcription factors (TFs) with an N-terminal BTB domain and one or more C-terminal DNA-binding zinc finger domains. Under physiological conditions, ZBTB20 acts as a transcriptional repressor in cellular development and differentiation, metabolism, and innate immunity. Interestingly, multiple lines of evidence from mice and human systems have revealed the importance of ZBTB20 in the pathogenesis and development of cancers. ZBTB20 is not only a hotspot of genetic variation or fusion in many types of human cancers, but also a key TF or intermediator involving in the dysregulation of cancer cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Models in Brief
Carrageenan-induced inflammatory models have long served as valuable tools in research, shedding light on various aspects of the inflammatory response. This research explores the utility of carrageenan-induced inflammation in studying inflammation, its mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2023
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