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Topic Review
Bisphenol A and Obesity
Lines of evidence have shown the embryogenic and transgenerational impact of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, on immune-metabolic alterations, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while BPA toxic effects in adult obese mice are still overlooked. Here, we evaluate BPA’s worsening effect on several hepatic maladaptive processes associated to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. After 12 weeks HFD feeding, C57Bl/6J male mice were exposed daily to BPA (50 μg/kg per os) along with HFD for 3 weeks. Glucose tolerance and lipid metabolism were examined in serum and/or liver. Hepatic oxidative damage (reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes), and mitochondrial respiratory capacity were evaluated. Moreover, liver damage progression and inflammatory/immune response were determined by histological and molecular analysis. BPA amplified HFD-induced alteration of key factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, liver triglycerides accumulation, and worsened mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress and reducing antioxidant defense. The exacerbation by BPA of hepatic immune-metabolic dysfunction induced by HFD was shown by increased toll-like receptor-4 and its downstream pathways (i.e., NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome) amplifying inflammatory cytokine transcription and promoting fibrosis progression.
  • 754
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
PPARs and Mycobacterial Infection
The mycobacterial cell wall is composed of large amounts of lipids with varying moieties. Some mycobacteria species hijack host cells and promote lipid droplet accumulation to build the cellular environment essential for their intracellular survival. Thus, lipids are thought to be important for mycobacteria survival as well as for the invasion, parasitization, and proliferation within host cells. However, their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mycobacteria modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling and utilize host-derived triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol as both nutrient sources and evasion from the host immune system.
  • 754
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immune cell response during Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that sepsis occurs in two concurrent phases, which consist of an initial immune activation phase followed by a chronic immunosuppressive phase, leading to immune cell death. Depending on the severity of the disease and the pathogen involved, the hosts immune system may not fully recover, leading to ongoing complications proceeding the initial infection. As such, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with treatment options limited to general treatment in intensive care units (ICU). Lack of specific treatments available for sepsis is mostly due to our limited knowledge of the immuno-physiology associated with the disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and cell types involved in eliciting infection-induced immune activation from both the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. In addition, the mechanisms leading to immune cell death following hyperactivation of immune cells will be explored. The evaluation and better understanding of the cellular and systemic responses leading to disease onset could eventuate into the development of much needed therapies to combat this unrelenting disease. 
  • 754
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Conductive Polymer in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized energy harvesting and active sensing, holding tremendous potential in personalized healthcare, sustainable diagnoses, and green energy applications. In these scenarios, conductive polymers play a vital role in enhancing the performance of both TENG and TENG-based biosensors, enabling the development of flexible, wearable, and highly sensitive diagnostic devices.
  • 754
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
CXCL12 in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, accounts for 3% of all cancers and 7% of cancer-related deaths and is expected to claim 48,220 lives in 2021 in the US (American Cancer Society). Despite continued scientific efforts, the 5-year survival rate of all surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) stages combined remains a dismal 10% (American Cancer Society). Surgery remains the only curative option for PDAC patients.  CXCL12, a member of the CXC family of chemokines, is secreted by the activated fibroblasts (for which we use the terms aPSCs and CAFs interchangeably in this review) of the TME and is a crucial mediator reported to contribute to growth and metastasis in PDAC and several other solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast, ovarian, and colorectal carcinomas. CXCL12 has a pervasive influence in PDAC by increasing proliferation, enhancing invasion and metastasis, and promoting chemoresistance and immune evasion of tumor cells.
  • 753
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Landscape of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arise from the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow. As with all tumors, the development of MPNs is a consequence of alterations in malignant cells and their interaction with other extrinsic factors that support and promote tumor progression. Since the discovery of driver mutations, much work has focused on studying and reviewing the genomic features of the disease but has neglected to delve into the important role that many other mechanisms may play. 
  • 752
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metabolism and Epigenetic-Modification in MDSCs
       Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are major immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). During the differentiation and development of MDSCs from myeloid progenitor cells, their functions are also affected by a series of regulatory factors in the TME, such as metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic modification, and cell signaling pathways. And there is a crosstalk between these regulatory factors. In cancer, there are important bidirectional regulatory mechanisms between metabolic remodeling and epigenome. Most chromatin modifying enzymes require cell metabolic intermediates as substrates or cofactors. In turn, epigenetic modifications regulate cell metabolism and function to some extent. The regulation between   metabolism and epigenetic modification of MDSCs can be achieved through signaling pathways related to AMPK and HIF-1α，etc.
  • 751
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Circadian Clock Gene Polymorphisms and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors and comorbidities, including central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. In addition, different studies have shown that the disturbances in circadian rhythm are connected with components of metabolic syndrome. Circadian rhythm is the central regulator of every aspect of human health and metabolism, and metabolic homeostasis is essential in regulating energy metabolism, especially in adipose tissue. 
  • 751
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
DOX–Chitosan-Mediated NPs for Drug Deliveries
Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) serve as useful multidrug delivery carriers in cancer chemotherapy. Chitosan has considerable potential in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeting tumor cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) has limited application due to its resistance and lack of specificity. Chitosan NPs have been used for DOX delivery because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug encapsulation efficiency, and target specificity.
  • 751
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
From Mitochondria to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, mainly cholesterol, and other components, such as fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin within the arterial wall.
  • 750
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Significance of Angiogenesis Regulating lncRNAs in Cancer
In many cancers the current staging has limitations in terms of determining prognosis. Biomarkers are critical in completing clinical staging and improving the prediction of lymph node metastasis as well as in determining cancer prognosis. Several long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are over-expressed in various cancer cell lines, as well as in preclinical cancer models and patients. These lncRNAs have been explored for possible clinical application as biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
  • 750
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Various Microglial Receptors Interact with α-Synuclein
Synucleinopathies are a set of devastating neurodegenerative diseases that share a pathologic accumulation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn). This accumulation causes neuronal death resulting in irreversible dementia, deteriorating motor symptoms, and devastating cognitive decline. α-Syn is an intrinsically disordered 140-amino acid protein consisting of an amphipathic N-terminus (residues 1–60), hydrophobic central region (residues 61–95), and acidic C-terminus (residues 86–140). Synucleinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of α-syn in the CNS. The structural form of the accumulation varies across different patients and different conditions. While the etiology of these conditions remains largely unknown, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have been consistently implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Microglia are generally believed to be neuroprotective in the early stages of α-syn accumulation and contribute to further neurodegeneration in chronic disease states.
  • 750
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Human Cell Models of Disease
Neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, are collectively a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Altered mitochondrial function has been implicated in nearly all of these diseases. A variety of cultured cell models have been used to study these diseases including lymphocyte cells immortalized with Epstein Barr Virus. These cell models have been useful in deciphering the role of the mitochondria in these disorders.
  • 750
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
SHED-Dependent Oncogenic Signaling of the PEAK3 Pseudo-Kinase
The human kinome is composed of about 50 pseudo-kinases with unclear function, because they are predicted to be catalytically inactive; however, they are shown to play an important role in cancer, similar to active kinases. Understanding how these pseudo-kinases promote tumor formation despite their catalytic inactivity is a great challenge, which may lead to innovative anti-cancer therapies. The PEAK1 and 2 pseudo-kinases have emerged as important components of the protein tyrosine kinase pathway implicated in cancer progression. They can signal using a scaffolding mechanism via a conserved split helical dimerization (SHED) module.
  • 749
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Oleanolic Acid as Modulators of Metabolic Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with a paramount role in ubiquitous physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Owing to their physiological role and druggability, NRs are deemed attractive and valid targets for medicinal chemists. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) represent one of the most important phytochemical classes present in higher plants, where oleanolic acid (OA) is the most studied PTs representative owing to its multitude of biological activities against cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and liver injury.
  • 749
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Deregulated Metabolic Pathways in Ovarian Cancer
Cancer cells thrive on cellular metabolism to facilitate their growth, uncontrolled proliferation, invasiveness, and metastasis. In cancer cells, multiple metabolic pathways were altered compared to their normal counterparts so that these cancer cells survive and sustain themselves against the changing conditions in the tumor microenvironment.
  • 748
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress on Chicken Ovary
Poultry ovary is a classic model for studying ovarian biology, follicular development and ovarian cancer. Long-term egg production (also aging in human) or other stress factors induced oxidative stress to cause follicle atresia, which may be the fundamental reason for reducing the fertility; however, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and changes in microbiota, ovary function and its biomarkers remains limited. Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of ROS derived from cellular metabolism or environmental stimuli that cause peroxidation of unsaturated lipids in cell membranes and oxidation of proteins, DNA, and steroid components, leading to further damage of the cell integrity and normal functions (Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2005; Michael et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2018). Oxidative stress has been proven to be linked to internal metabolism for aging (Yeh et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2019), many environmental stressors and chemical toxicants (gamma radiation, mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.) and health disorders (José et al., 2013; Celi and Gabai, 2015; Luoguori et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Paithankar et al., 2021). Moreover, a large number of studies have shown that an excessive increase in ROS production will induce rapid primordial follicle loss and follicular atresia to lead to reproductive dysfunction (Gupta et al., 2006; Tanabe et al., 2011; Devine et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2018). However, the underlying pathological and molecular mechanism in oxidative stress-induced fertility deterioration remain unexplored. In this study, we established an oxidative stress model to access the effect of excessive ROS on the microbiota and ovary function, and also the effect of melatonin. These findings indicated that oxidative stress could decrease the fertility and influence gut microbiota and body metabolites in layer model, while the melatonin exert an amelioration the ovary oxidative stress through SIRT1-P53/FoxO1 pathway. The microbiota was involved in the OS and melatonin can be used as a target for ovary stress. 
  • 748
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNAs Fuctions in HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death globally. This type of liver cancer is frequently detected at a late stage by current biomarkers because of the high clinical and biological heterogeneity of HCC tumours. From a plethora of molecules and cellular compounds, small nanoparticles with an endosomal origin are valuable cancer biomarkers or cargos for novel treatments. Despite their small sizes, in the range of 40–150 nm, these particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane with a specific lipid composition and carry functional information—RNA, proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), or DNA fragments.
  • 747
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Benzodiazepine Modulation of GABAA Receptors
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a class of widely prescribed psychotropic drugs that target GABAA receptors (GABAARs) to tune inhibitory synaptic signaling throughout the central nervous system. Despite knowing their molecular target, the researchers still do not fully understand the mechanism of modulation at the level of the channel protein. Nonetheless, functional studies, together with cryo-EM structures of GABAA(α1)2(βX)2(γ2)1 receptors in complex with BZDs, provide a wealth of information to aid in addressing this gap in knowledge. 
  • 747
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Inflammasomes and Hematopoietic Homeostasis
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regularly produce various blood cells throughout life via their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation abilities. Most HSCs remain quiescent in the bone marrow (BM) and respond in a timely manner to either physiological or pathological cues, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. In the past few years, accumulating evidence has highlighted an intermediate role of inflammasome activation in hematopoietic maintenance, post-hematopoietic transplantation complications, and senescence. As a cytosolic protein complex, the inflammasome participates in immune responses by generating a caspase cascade and inducing cytokine secretion. This process is generally triggered by signals from purinergic receptors that integrate extracellular stimuli such as the metabolic factor ATP via P2 receptors. Furthermore, targeted modulation/inhibition of specific inflammasomes may help to maintain/restore adequate hematopoietic homeostasis.
  • 746
  • 07 Feb 2021
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