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Topic Review
DOX–Chitosan-Mediated NPs for Drug Deliveries
Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) serve as useful multidrug delivery carriers in cancer chemotherapy. Chitosan has considerable potential in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeting tumor cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) has limited application due to its resistance and lack of specificity. Chitosan NPs have been used for DOX delivery because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug encapsulation efficiency, and target specificity.
  • 766
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNAs Fuctions in HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death globally. This type of liver cancer is frequently detected at a late stage by current biomarkers because of the high clinical and biological heterogeneity of HCC tumours. From a plethora of molecules and cellular compounds, small nanoparticles with an endosomal origin are valuable cancer biomarkers or cargos for novel treatments. Despite their small sizes, in the range of 40–150 nm, these particles are delimited by a lipid bilayer membrane with a specific lipid composition and carry functional information—RNA, proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), or DNA fragments.
  • 766
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
CXCL12 in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, accounts for 3% of all cancers and 7% of cancer-related deaths and is expected to claim 48,220 lives in 2021 in the US (American Cancer Society). Despite continued scientific efforts, the 5-year survival rate of all surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) stages combined remains a dismal 10% (American Cancer Society). Surgery remains the only curative option for PDAC patients.  CXCL12, a member of the CXC family of chemokines, is secreted by the activated fibroblasts (for which we use the terms aPSCs and CAFs interchangeably in this review) of the TME and is a crucial mediator reported to contribute to growth and metastasis in PDAC and several other solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and breast, ovarian, and colorectal carcinomas. CXCL12 has a pervasive influence in PDAC by increasing proliferation, enhancing invasion and metastasis, and promoting chemoresistance and immune evasion of tumor cells.
  • 765
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Testis and Developmental Genes in Keratinocyte Carcinomas
Keratinocyte carcinomas are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the two cancers recognized as keratinocyte carcinomas. The standard of care for treating these cancers includes surgery and ablative therapies.  Several cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and developmental genes (including embryonic stem cell factors and fetal genes) are ectopically expressed in BCC and cSCC. When ectopically expressed in malignant tissues, functions of these genes may be recaptured to promote tumorigenesis. CTAs and developmental genes are emerging as important players in the pathogenesis of BCC and cSCC, positioning themselves as attractive candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets requiring rigorous testing. 
  • 765
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Conductive Polymer in the Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized energy harvesting and active sensing, holding tremendous potential in personalized healthcare, sustainable diagnoses, and green energy applications. In these scenarios, conductive polymers play a vital role in enhancing the performance of both TENG and TENG-based biosensors, enabling the development of flexible, wearable, and highly sensitive diagnostic devices.
  • 764
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antigen Presentation and Autophagy in Teleost Adaptive Immunity
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebrates during evolution are the variable genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules mainly present peptides processed in the cytosol by the proteasome and transported to the cell surface of all cells through secretory compartments. Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC) also express MHC class II molecules, which normally present peptides processed from exogenous antigens through lysosomal pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is conserved in all eukaryotes and is induced by starvation to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Self-digestion during autophagy mainly occurs by the fusion of autophagosomes, which engulf portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes (macroautophagy) or assisted by chaperones (chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) that deliver proteins to lysosomes. Thus, during self-degradation, antigens can be processed to be presented by the MHC to immune effector cells, thus, linking autophagy to APP.
  • 764
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Neprilysin Inhibition
Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) treatment reduces functional mitral regurgitation (MR) to a greater extent than angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) treatment alone, but the mechanism is unclear.
  • 763
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress on Chicken Ovary
Poultry ovary is a classic model for studying ovarian biology, follicular development and ovarian cancer. Long-term egg production (also aging in human) or other stress factors induced oxidative stress to cause follicle atresia, which may be the fundamental reason for reducing the fertility; however, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and changes in microbiota, ovary function and its biomarkers remains limited. Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of ROS derived from cellular metabolism or environmental stimuli that cause peroxidation of unsaturated lipids in cell membranes and oxidation of proteins, DNA, and steroid components, leading to further damage of the cell integrity and normal functions (Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2005; Michael et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2018). Oxidative stress has been proven to be linked to internal metabolism for aging (Yeh et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2019), many environmental stressors and chemical toxicants (gamma radiation, mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.) and health disorders (José et al., 2013; Celi and Gabai, 2015; Luoguori et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019; Paithankar et al., 2021). Moreover, a large number of studies have shown that an excessive increase in ROS production will induce rapid primordial follicle loss and follicular atresia to lead to reproductive dysfunction (Gupta et al., 2006; Tanabe et al., 2011; Devine et al., 2012; Shen et al., 2012; Cao et al., 2018). However, the underlying pathological and molecular mechanism in oxidative stress-induced fertility deterioration remain unexplored. In this study, we established an oxidative stress model to access the effect of excessive ROS on the microbiota and ovary function, and also the effect of melatonin. These findings indicated that oxidative stress could decrease the fertility and influence gut microbiota and body metabolites in layer model, while the melatonin exert an amelioration the ovary oxidative stress through SIRT1-P53/FoxO1 pathway. The microbiota was involved in the OS and melatonin can be used as a target for ovary stress. 
  • 763
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Phenotype Alterations in AN through Metabolomics
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain that affects mainly young women. It courses with a negative body image leading to altered eating behaviors that have devastating physical, metabolic, and psychological consequences for the patients. Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of the metabolites included in a specific biological compartment at a specific time (metabolome). Metabolomics is proposed as a powerful tool for the elucidation of disease mechanisms and to provide new insights into the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of AN. 
  • 763
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Genipin on Various Cancers
Genipin is a protein cross-linking agent extracted from Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruits. This fruit has conventionally been used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammation and jaundice and as an edible colorant in oriental countries. Uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 is a member of the family of uncoupling proteins, which are anion transporters positioned in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Genipin has been shown to have hepatoprotective activity, acting as an effective antioxidant and inhibitor of mitochondrial UCP2, and is also reported to exert significant anticancer effects.
  • 762
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Landscape of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arise from the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow. As with all tumors, the development of MPNs is a consequence of alterations in malignant cells and their interaction with other extrinsic factors that support and promote tumor progression. Since the discovery of driver mutations, much work has focused on studying and reviewing the genomic features of the disease but has neglected to delve into the important role that many other mechanisms may play. 
  • 762
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Systems Biology Findings and Applications in Asthma
Asthma is one of the most common and lifelong and chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway obstruction episodes. It is a heterogeneous disease of varying and overlapping phenotypes with many confounding factors playing a role in disease susceptibility and management. Such multifactorial disorders will benefit from using systems biology as a strategy to elucidate molecular insights from complex, quantitative, massive clinical, and biological data that will help to understand the underlying disease mechanism, early detection, and treatment planning.
  • 761
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
EGFR-Based Targeted Therapy for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most lethal and common form of cancer in the world. It was responsible for almost 881,000 cancer deaths in 2018. Approximately 25% of cases are diagnosed at advanced stages with metastasis—this poses challenges for effective surgical control and future tumor-related mortality.
  • 760
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inflammasomes and Hematopoietic Homeostasis
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regularly produce various blood cells throughout life via their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation abilities. Most HSCs remain quiescent in the bone marrow (BM) and respond in a timely manner to either physiological or pathological cues, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. In the past few years, accumulating evidence has highlighted an intermediate role of inflammasome activation in hematopoietic maintenance, post-hematopoietic transplantation complications, and senescence. As a cytosolic protein complex, the inflammasome participates in immune responses by generating a caspase cascade and inducing cytokine secretion. This process is generally triggered by signals from purinergic receptors that integrate extracellular stimuli such as the metabolic factor ATP via P2 receptors. Furthermore, targeted modulation/inhibition of specific inflammasomes may help to maintain/restore adequate hematopoietic homeostasis.
  • 759
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Metadherin and RKIP
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), also known as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), functions as a tumor suppressor and regulates several signaling pathways, including ERK and NF-κκB. RKIP is severely downregulated in human malignant cancers, indicating a functional association with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis. The transcription regulation of RKIP gene in human cancers is not well understood. In this study, we suggested a possible transcription mechanism for the regulation of RKIP in human cancer cells. We found that Metadherin (MTDH) significantly repressed the transcriptional activity of RKIP gene. 
  • 759
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation, Mitochondria and Natural Compounds
Human diseases are characterized by the perpetuation of an inflammatory condition in which the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are quite high. Excessive ROS production leads to DNA damage, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, conditions that lead to a worsening of inflammatory disorders. In particular, compromised mitochondria sustain a stressful condition in the cell, such that mitochondrial dysfunctions become pathogenic, causing human disorders related to inflammatory reactions. Indeed, the triggered inflammation loses its beneficial properties and turns harmful if dysregulation and dysfunctions are not addressed. Thus, reducing oxidative stress with ROS scavenger compounds has proven to be a successful approach to reducing inflammation. Among these, natural compounds, in particular, polyphenols, alkaloids and coenzyme Q10, thanks to their antioxidant properties, are capable of inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the expression of target genes, including those involved in inflammation.
  • 759
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
From Mitochondria to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, mainly cholesterol, and other components, such as fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin within the arterial wall.
  • 758
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cell
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been studied using multiple technical approaches for interrogating various cancers, as they allow for the real-time assessment of tumor progression, disease recurrence, treatment response, and tumor molecular profiling without the need for a tumor tissue biopsy.
  • 758
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Functions of Liver Kinase B1
The liver kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) and Par-4 in C. elegans, has been identified as a master kinase of AMPKs and AMPK-related kinases. LKB1 plays a crucial role in cell growth, metabolism, polarity, and tumor suppression.
  • 758
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid.
  • 757
  • 20 Dec 2021
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