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Topic Review
Carbon Nanodots-Based Nano-Biosensors
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were a modern form of nanostructure that demonstrated excellent qualities for diagnosis and therapy. Controlling QDs size and distribution made it simple to adjust their electrical and optical characteristics. Yet, since certain semiconductor QDs include hazardous substances such as, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and mercury, they have several disadvantages. One such disadvantage is cytotoxicity. As a result, these QDs are neither environmentally friendly nor biodegradable. On the other hand, since their inception in 2004, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been recognized as a strong contender to replace the extremely dangerous metallic semiconductor class of quantum dots. This is partly because the characteristics of carbon quantum dots are widely acknowledged to include their nanoscale size, roughly flat or spherical morphologies, great water solubility, broad absorption in the UV-visible light spectrum, and vibrant fluorescence. CNDs have an amorphous or nanocrystalline center, mainly sp2 carbon, graphite grid spacing, and outside oxygenic functional groups, allowing for water solubility and subsequent complexation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Bioinformatics and Chemoinformatics
Chemoinformatics involves integrating the principles of physical chemistry with computer-based and information science methodologies, commonly referred to as “in silico techniques”, in order to address a wide range of descriptive and prescriptive chemistry issues, including applications to biology, drug discovery, and related molecular areas. On the other hand, the incorporation of machine learning has been considered of high importance in the field of drug design, enabling the extraction of chemical data from enormous compound databases to develop drugs endowed with significant biological features.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoid Apigenin in Cancer Counteraction
Apigenin is one of the most widespread flavonoids in the plant kingdom. For centuries, apigenin-containing plant preparations have been used in traditional medicines to treat diseases that have an inflammatory and/or degenerative component. In the 1980s, apigenin was proposed to interfere with the process of carcinogenesis. Since then, more and more evidence has demonstrated its anticancer efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. Apigenin has been shown to target signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of cancer, such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, and to modulate different hallmarks of cancer, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, invasion, and cell migration.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Based Polyurethane Elastomers
Elastomers, a category of polymers characterized by high elasticity and viscoelasticity, possess the ability to revert to their initial form after undergoing stretching or deformation and are known for their outstanding resistance to abrasion, tearing, and impact.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oleogels as a Promising Alternative in Meat Products
The surge in chronic diseases is closely linked to heightened levels of saturated and trans fatty acids in processed foods, particularly meat products. Addressing this concern, various strategies have been employed to alleviate the impact of these detrimental fats. Among these, oleogels have emerged as a novel and promising approach in the food industry.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microalgal Food
Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals from Microalgae: Main Product Classes and Biotechnological Production Microalgal products are an emerging class of food, feed, and nutraceuticals. They include dewatered or dried biomass, isolated pigments, and extracted fat. The oil, protein, and antioxidant-rich microalgal biomass is used as a feed and food supplement formulated as pastes, powders, tablets, capsules, or flakes designed for daily use. Pigments such as astaxanthin (red), lutein (yellow), chlorophyll (green), or phycocyanin (bright blue) are natural food dyes used as isolated pigments or pigment-rich biomass. Algal fat extracted from certain marine microalgae represents a vegetarian source of n-3-fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA)). Gaining an overview of the production of microalgal products is a time-consuming task.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Magnification of Iris in Ocular Prosthesis
The ocular prostheses, used for the prosthetic rehabilitation of ocular defects, are generally made from acrylic resin. As the thickness of clear acrylic over the iris is increased on the ocular prosthesis, the size of the iris is also increased, due to magnification through the clear resin.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ribonucleoside Hydrolase Structure
Ribonucleoside hydrolases are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of ribonucleosides to nitrogenous bases and ribose. These enzymes are found in many organisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, metazoans, yeasts, fungi and plants.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
TRPM6 Gene
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 6: The TRPM6 gene provides instructions for making a protein that acts as a channel, which allows charged atoms (ions) of magnesium (Mg2+) to flow into cells; the channel may also allow small amounts of calcium ions (Ca2+) to pass through cells. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
HSAN2
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II (HSAN2) is a condition that primarily affects the sensory nerve cells (sensory neurons), which transmit information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch to the brain. These sensations are impaired in people with HSAN2. In some affected people, the condition may also cause mild abnormalities of the autonomic neurons, which control involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. The sensory and autonomic neurons are part of the body's peripheral nervous system, which comprises the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. HSAN2 is considered a form of peripheral neuropathy.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nuts and Older Adults’ Health
Although the beneficial effects of nuts on cardiometabolic diseases have been well established, little is known about the effects of nuts on age-related diseases. Given that age-related diseases share many biological pathways with cardiometabolic diseases, it is plausible that diets rich in nuts might be beneficial in ameliorating age-related conditions. Overall, the currently available evidence suggests that nut consumption, particularly when consumed as part of a healthy diet or over a prolonged period, is associated with positive outcomes such as longer telomere length, reduced risk of sarcopenia, and better cognition in older adults.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Ubisol-Q10 for Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment
It is well established and accepted that excessive oxidative stress is a key contributor to neurodegenerative diseases, driving interest in the development and application of redox therapies including the use of coenzyme-Q10 (CoQ10). However, in several human clinical trials, CoQ10 has failed to show efficacy, possibly due to poor tissue penetration and inability to deliver it parenterally. Ubisol-Q10 is a nanomicellar, water-dispersible formulation of CoQ10 that was created by combining CoQ10 with an amphiphilic and self-emulsifying molecule of polyoxyethanyl α-tocopheryl sebacate (PTS). This stable formulation is suitable for parenteral delivery and when tested at micromolar concentrations (well within FDA guidelines), it showed unprecedented neuroprotection, both in cellular models and animal models of chronic progressive neurodegeneration of both Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s type. Systemic application of Ubisol-Q10 in drinking water stopped further progression of ongoing neurodegeneration as long as Ubisol-Q10 was provided. Mechanistically, this treatment with Ubisol-Q10 mobilized astroglia response in the CNS, quenched reactive oxygen species, prevented cell senescence, activated autophagy, reduced inflammation, and stabilized mitochondria. Importantly, these biochemical outcomes are accompanied by a significant improvement in behavioral deficits typically observed in animals with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, Ubisol-Q10 is a promising candidate for developing a disease-modifying therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative diseases that can be easily administered as drinking tonic.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Lysine63Ubiquitination and Fibrosis in Diabetes
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. We previously showed that tubulo-interstitial accumulation of lysine 63 (K63)-ubiquitinated (Ub) proteins drives the progression of fibrosis in DN and that the extent of renal K63-Ub can be easily monitored through the assessment of urinary miR-27b-3p. In the present manuscript we explored the renoprotective effect of a specific K63-Ub inhibitor (NSC697923), alone and in combination with the ACE inhibitor molecule Ramipril. In vitro, in tubular epithelial cells, we found that NSC697923, aside from suppressing tubular accumulation of K63-Ub proteins was also capable to inhibit hyperglycemia-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); specifically, treatment with NSC697923 reduced the expression of EMT markers such as α-SMA, Collagen I, Vimentin, FSP-1 and Collagen III along with tubulointerstitial and glomerular fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. Diabetic DBA/2J mice treated with NSC697923 also displayed recovery of urinary miR-27b-3p and restored expression of p16INK4A, indicating a protective effect of this compund on cellular senescence in tubular cells. Moreover, we found that the combination of NSC697923 and Ramipril was effective to reduce uACR in diabetic DBA/2J mice. In conclusion, we suggest that selective inhibition of K63-Ub, when combined with the conventional treatment with ACE inhibitors, might represent a novel treatment strategy to prevent the progression of fibrosis and proteinuria in DN. Finally we suggest the dosage of urinary miR-27b-3p levels to monitor treatment efficacy.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Fibrosis and Fibroblasts
Cardiac fibrosis is the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Melanoma
Melanoma develops from malignant transformations of the pigment-producing melanocytes. If located in the basal layer of the skin epidermis, melanoma is referred to as cutaneous, which is more frequent. However, as melanocytes are be found in the eyes, ears, gastrointestinal tract, genitalia, urinary system, and meninges, cases of mucosal melanoma or other types (e.g., ocular) may occur. The incidence and morbidity of cutaneous melanoma (cM) are constantly increasing worldwide.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Biomarkers and Point-of-Care Diagnosis
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
3D Guided Insertion of Orthodontic Titanium Miniscrews
Orthodontic mini-implants (MIs), also called temporary anchorage devices (TADs), have been considered to be effective tools for intraoral anchorage reinforcement for many years. Their main advantages are their easy application, the possibility to use them at various stages of treatment and the predictability of biomechanical effects.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Psychosis
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that is produced by hepatocytes and other cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, after stimulation of the gene encoding for CRP by Interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Feeding Problems in Preterm Infants
Preterm infants have long-term healthcare needs. Oral feeding competency in preterm infants is deemed an essential requirement for hospital discharge. Despite achieving discharge readiness, feeding problems persist into childhood and can have a residual impact into adulthood. The early diagnosis and management of feeding problems are essential requisites to mitigate any potential long-term challenges in preterm-born adults.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Rural Development of River Tourism Resources
Rivers have abundant freshwater resources, their general drainage areas are extensive, and alluvial plains are fertile, nourishing and enriching the ecology. Human beings have rich experience and a long history of using the advantages and foundation of river water resources to develop fishing, animal husbandry, farming, and other industries to maintain their needs, build settlements, develop cities, and create a safe and sustainable living and living environment. It can be seen that safe and stable water resources will help improve the development of human beings and villages.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2022
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