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Topic Review
PARP-1 Expression/BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer
Estimates have shown that approx. 70% of individuals with BRCA1 mutations will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. To make matters worse, breast cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations are more likely to have the more aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. PARPs, belong to a family of nuclear enzymes, which are involved in many cellular processes, including DNA repair. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast cancer. 
  • 652
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of Hypoxia and CSC in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is lack of effective treatment and the prognosis of GBM patients is still very poor despite accumulated progresses. Hypoxia is an essential factor for the initiation and progression of GBM, especially for the glioma stem like cells (GSCs). Hypoxia induced many target genes which form a complicated molecular interacting network, influencing a lot of tumor behaviors by regulating key signal pathways. In addition, hypoxia has great impact on the interplayed niches of GCSs.
  • 652
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on Immune Microenvironment
The efficiency of (chemo-)radiotherapy for rectal cancer is not only determined by the impact on the tumor cells themselves, but also by the highly individual surrounding tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. However, many aspects of the radiation-induced immune response remain to be fully understood. 
  • 652
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Combined Hepatocellular and CholangiocarcinomaTreatment
Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) is a rare primary liver cancer. It is constituted by neoplastic cells of both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular derivation. Different histology types of HCC-CC have been reported, hinting at heterogeneous carcinogenic pathways leading to the development of this cancer. Due to its rarity and complexity, mixed HCC-CC is a scantly investigated condition with unmet needs and unsatisfactory outcomes. Surgery remains the preferred treatment in resectable patients. The risk of recurrence, however, is high, especially in comparison with other primary liver cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma. In unresectable or recurring patients, the therapeutic options are challenging due to the dual nature of the neoplastic cells. Consequently, the odds of survival of patients with HCC-CC remains poor. 
  • 651
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Osteoimmuno-Oncology
Osteoimmuno-oncology (OIO) refers to interactions between bone, immune and tumor cells in bone metastatic microenvironment. Understanding the interplay between these three separate but tightly linked compartments is essential when developing novel therapies for bone metastases. OIO is based on two well established concepts: osteoimmunology and immuno-oncology that are now combined in OIO.
  • 651
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Recent Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer Management
Among all cancer types, breast cancer (BC) still stands as one of the most serious diseases responsible for a large number of cancer-associated deaths among women worldwide, and diagnosed cases are increasing year by year worldwide. For a very long time, hormonal therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were used for breast cancer treatment. However, these treatment approaches are becoming progressively futile because of multidrug resistance and serious side effects. 
  • 651
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Primary Skull Base Chondrosarcomas
Primary skull base chondrosarcomas (SBCs) may carry significant tumor-burden by causing severe cranial nerve neuropathies. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on surgical resection and radiotherapy protocols, with a wide range of findings in terms of efficacy and safety. 
  • 651
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. As it is increasingly introduced into routine clinical practice, immune-related complications have become more frequent. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, with the goal of reduced patient morbidity. Under physiological circumstances, immune checkpoints play a role in the maintenance of self-tolerance; the dysregulation of these pathways by cancers is thought to be an important mechanism of immune evasion. The most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitors are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) inhibitors and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors.
  • 651
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Never Smokers
Data indicate that LCINS is a unique tumour with different biology and tumour microenvironment (TME), featuring an adenocarcinoma-predominant histology compared to lung cancer in smokers.
  • 651
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes
Angiogenesis is acknowledged as a pivotal feature in the pathology of human cancer. Despite the absence of universally accepted markers for gauging the comprehensive angiogenic activity in prostate cancer (PCa) that could steer the formulation of focused anti-angiogenic treatments, the scrutiny of diverse facets of tumoral blood vessel development may furnish significant understanding of angiogenic processes.
  • 651
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
T Cells in Cancer
T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells.
  • 650
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Primary Melanoma of the Lung
Malignant melanoma (MM) is one of the most common malignancies of the skin, but it can potentially affect all areas of the human body.
  • 650
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CTC Implementation in Breast Cancer
CTCs as a potential biomarker of response to systemic therapies but also the technical challenges for their implementation in clinical practice, including the role of free circulating DNA and new approaches based on the isolation of CTCs from body fluids. New approaches focusing on isolation CTCs in other body fluids such as cerebrospinal or ascitic fluid are necessary to increase the opportunities of circulating tumor cells in the practice clinic as well as to study the promising role of CTC clusters and their prognostic value in metastatic breast cancer.
  • 650
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Externally Activated Nanoparticles Trigger Immunogenicity
Nanoparticles activated by external energy sources, such as ionizing radiation, laser light, or magnetic fields, have attracted significant research interest as a possible modality for treating solid tumors. From producing hyperthermic conditions to generating reactive oxygen species, a wide range of externally activated mechanisms have been explored for producing cytotoxicity within tumors with high spatiotemporal control. To further improve tumoricidal effects, recent trends in the literature have focused on stimulating the immune system through externally activated treatment strategies that result in immunogenic cell death. By releasing inflammatory compounds known to initiate an immune response, treatment methods can take advantage of immune system pathways for durable and robust systemic anti-tumor response.
  • 649
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gynaecological Malignancies
Gynaecological malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with vastly different aetiology, risk factors, molecular drivers, and disease outcomes. From HPV-driven cervical cancer where early screening and molecular diagnostics efficiently reduced the number of advanced-stage diagnosis, prevalent and relatively well-treated endometrial cancers, to highly aggressive and mostly lethal high-grade serous ovarian cancer, malignancies of the female genital tract have unique presentations and distinct cell biology features. Recent discoveries of stem cell regulatory mechanisms, development of organoid cultures, and NGS analysis have provided valuable insights into the basic biology of these cancers that could help advance new-targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • 649
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Malignancy
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic affected the pediatric oncology population globally. Increasing reports have been made to better understand this entity and its pathologic complications on these patients. The pandemic has allowed healthcare providers, hospital systems, and leading oncologic societies to quickly adapt and formulate new guidelines for the effective understanding, management, and treatment of patients with pediatric malignancy.
  • 648
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Preclinical Models in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is an androgen-driven tumor. Different prostate cancer therapies consequently focus on blocking the androgen receptor pathway. Clinical studies reported tumor resistance mechanisms by reactivating and bypassing the androgen pathway. Preclinical models allowed the identification, confirmation, and thorough study of these pathways. 
  • 647
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Facts about Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous Melanoma is a form of skin cancer characterized by an elevated mutational load that favors high spread to distant organs and resistance to therapies. The identification of biomarkers, able to dissect normal and pathogenic biological processes and response to therapeutic intervention, is necessary to describe melanoma as accurately as possible, having a positive impact on early diagnosis, in turn selecting the best therapeutic option. Recently, a great number of new biomarkers were evaluated, in order to identify those patients who may have clinical benefit from a therapeutic choice, particularly for immunotherapy. At present, these new biomarkers wait to be validated before clinical use. Hence, the requirement to look at and periodically update the advances in this field. 
  • 647
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Neoantigen mRNA Vaccine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment
A neoantigen mRNA vaccine is a personalized cancer vaccine that aims to target neoantigens. Neoantigens are unique antigens found on the surface of cancer cells due to somatic mutations. These genetic alterations are unique to each patient’s cancer, and the neoantigen mRNA vaccine is formulated by analyzing the patient’s tumor genome to pinpoint the mutations responsible for generating the neoantigens. The vaccine is then designed to encode these neoantigens, which are produced by the mutations, and delivered to the patient’s immune system via mRNA.
  • 647
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Stem Cells Homing to Glioblastoma
Multiple efforts are currently underway to develop targeted therapeutic deliveries to the site of glioblastoma progression. The use of carriers represents advancement in the delivery of various therapeutic agents as a new approach in neuro-oncology. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) are used because of their capability in migrating and delivering therapeutic payloads to tumors.
  • 646
  • 11 May 2022
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