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Topic Review
Intratumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related death, but it remains difficult to treat. Intratumor genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are inherent properties of breast, skin, lung, prostate, and brain tumors, and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) helps define prognosis and therapeutic response in these cancers. Several recent studies estimate that ITH is inherent to HCC and attribute the clinical intractability of HCC to this heterogeneity.
  • 798
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Capsaicinoids and Their Effects on Cancer
Capsaicinoids are a unique chemical species resulting from a particular biosynthesis pathway of hot chilies (Capsicum spp.) that gives rise to 22 analogous compounds, all of which are TRPV1 agonists and, therefore, responsible for the pungency of Capsicum fruits. In addition to their human consumption, numerous ethnopharmacological uses of chili have emerged throughout history. More than 25 years of basic research accredit a multifaceted bioactivity mainly to capsaicin, highlighting its antitumor properties mediated by cytotoxicity and immunological adjuvancy against at least 74 varieties of cancer, while non-cancer cells tend to have greater tolerance. 
  • 797
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oligonucleotides as Therapeutic Agents
Nucleic acids have emerged as powerful biomaterials, revolutionizing the field of biomedicine. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), possess unique properties such as molecular recognition ability, programmability, and ease of synthesis, making them versatile tools in biosensing and for gene regulation, drug delivery, and targeted therapy.
  • 796
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
L-Lactate Transport in Mitochondria
The L-lactate (L-LAC)-mitochondria affair has its closure: that mitochondria can take up and metabolize L-LAC due to the presence of the mitochondrial L-lactate dehydrogenase is shown.
  • 795
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Natural Products in the Treatment of Cancer
Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy globally; it seriously endangers women’s health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Conventional treatments are prone to drug resistance, recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs with high efficacy and low side effects to prevent and treat cervical cancer. In recent years, plant-derived natural products have been evaluated as potential anticancer drugs that preferentially kill tumor cells without severe adverse effects. A growing number of studies have shown that natural products can achieve practical anti-cervical-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor-cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and telomerase activity, enhancement of immunity and reversal of multidrug resistance. This paper reviews the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of plant-derived natural products on cervical cancer and provides references for developing anti-cervical-cancer drugs with high efficacy and low side effects. 
  • 793
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Self-Resistance in Natural Product Biosynthesis
Self-resistance determinants are essential for the biosynthesis of bioactive natural products and are closely related to drug resistance in clinical settings. The study of self-resistance mechanisms has long moved forward on the discovery of new resistance genes and the characterization of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by these proteins.
  • 793
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mediators of RNA Loading into Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of membrane-coated vesicles with different proteomic and lipidomic profile, as well as different size. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) cooperate in the gene regulatory networks with other biomolecules, including coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in transcriptional and translation regulation at different levels. Intriguingly, ncRNAs can be packed in vesicles, released in the extracellular space, and finally internalized by receiving cells, thus affecting gene expression also at distance. 
  • 792
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Deubiquitinating Enzyme in HNSCC
Ubiquitin is a highly-conserved small regulatory protein that has been found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitin was first identified in 1975. It performs its myriad functions through conjugation to a large range of target proteins. A variety of different modifications can occur. This discovery that ubiquitin can be attached to proteins and label them for destruction won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2004. The ubiquitin protein consists of 76 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 8.5 kDa. Under the conditions where ATP provides energy, ubiquitin molecules bind to the target protein through the cascade catalytic reaction of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3). The ubiquitinated target protein is recognized and degraded by 26S proteasome. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are two popular ways for the post-translational modification of proteins. These two modifications affect intracellular localization, stability, and function of target proteins. The process of deubiquitination is involved in histone modification, cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, endocytosis, autophagy, and DNA repair after damage. It is involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and cancer development. The deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is discussed. 
  • 792
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1
T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) is an RNA-binding protein that is expressed in many tissues and in the vast majority of species, although it was first discovered as a component of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TIA1 has a dual localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm, where it plays an important role as a regulator of gene-expression flux. As a multifunctional master modulator, TIA1 controls biological processes relevant to the physiological functioning of the organism and the development and/or progression of several human pathologies. 
  • 791
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Alterations of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Macroenvironment
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is aggressive, highly heterogeneous, and the most common form of B-cell lymphoma. Based on cell-of-origin algorithm category and oncogenic mechanisms, DLBCL is classified into three subsets: germinal center B cell-like, activated B cell-like, and unclassifiable subtype. Tumor cells have made some metabolic changes to protect themselves from malnutrition. These metabolic alterations affect the tumor microenvironment and macroenvironment.
  • 789
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
SLU7 in Human Disease
SLU7 (Splicing factor synergistic lethal with U5 snRNA 7) was first identified as a splicing factor necessary for the correct selection of 3′ splice sites, strongly impacting on the diversity of gene transcripts in a cell. More recent studies have uncovered new and non-redundant roles of SLU7 as an integrative hub of different levels of gene expression regulation, including epigenetic DNA remodeling, modulation of transcription and protein stability.
  • 789
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Stroke and Trauma Patients
Neuroinflammation has a significant impact on different pathologies, such as stroke or spinal cord injury, intervening in their pathophysiology: expansion, progression, and resolution. Neuroinflammation involves oxidative stress, damage, and cell death, playing an important role in neuroplasticity and motor dysfunction by affecting the neuronal connection responsible for motor control.
  • 788
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Altered Pathways in Fabry Disease
Fabry disease is a rare X-linked disease characterized by deficient expression and activity of alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) with consequent lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipid in various organs. Enzyme replacement therapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of all Fabry patients, although in the long-term it fails to completely halt the disease’s progression. This suggests on one hand that the adverse outcomes cannot be justified only by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipids and on the other that additional therapies targeted at specific secondary mechanisms might contribute to halt the progression of cardiac, cerebrovascular, and renal disease that occur in Fabry patients. 
  • 786
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Master Antioxidant Pathway Induced in Oxidative Stress Condition
Cells need an antioxidant defense barrier against oxidizing molecules to establish cell hemostasis. Antioxidants are nucleophiles that have a high affinity to react with electrophilic reactive species and neutralize them. Glutathione (GSH), as the most abundant endogenous antioxidant molecule, displays a specific role in the oxidative response. It can effectively eliminate ROS and decreases the generation of the oxidative signal. In this process, GSH donates an electron to form two oxidized GSH (GSSG).
  • 786
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Over-Expression of Human Membrane Transport Systems
Membrane proteins are crucial for life, because they allow the various body regions to communicate with each other. Ten percent of human genes encode for membrane transport systems, which are key components in maintaining cell homeostasis. They are involved in the transport of nutrients, catabolites, vitamins, and ions, allowing the absorption and distribution of these compounds to the various body regions. In addition, roughly 60% of FDA-approved drugs interact with membrane proteins, among which are transporters, often responsible for pharmacokinetics and side effects. Defects of membrane transport systems can cause diseases; however, knowledge of the structure/function relationships of transporters is still limited. 
  • 785
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
MiRNA Detection and Biosensing
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are key regulators of gene expression, controlling different biological processes such as cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. The relationships between miRNA expression and the onset and progression of different diseases, such as tumours, cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases, and neurological disorders, are well known. A nanotechnology-based approach could match miRNA delivery and detection to move beyond the proof-of-concept stage. Different kinds of nanotechnologies can have a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of miRNA-related diseases such as cancer. 
  • 785
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
STAT3 and NRF2 in Tumors
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2, also known as NFE2L2), are two of the most complicated transcription regulators, which participate in a variety of physiological processes. Numerous studies have shown that they are overactivated in multiple types of tumors. Interestingly, STAT3 and NRF2 can also interact with each other to regulate tumor progression. Hence, these two important transcription factors are considered key targets for developing a new class of antitumor drugs.
  • 785
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Polycomb-like Proteins in Gene Regulation and Cancer
Polycomb-like proteins (PCLs) are a crucial group of proteins associated with the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and are responsible for setting up the PRC2.1 subcomplex. In the vertebrate system, three homologous PCLs exist: PHF1 (PCL1), MTF2 (PCL2), and PHF19 (PCL3). Although the PCLs share a similar domain composition, they differ significantly in their primary sequence. PCLs play a critical role in targeting PRC2.1 to its genomic targets and regulating the functionality of PRC2. However, they also have PRC2-independent functions. In addition to their physiological roles, their dysregulation has been associated with various human cancers.
  • 785
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Breast Cancer
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (24.5%) and the leading cause of cancer death (15.5%). Exosomes are long-range message vesicles that mediate communication between cells in physiological conditions but also in pathology, such as breast cancer. 
  • 784
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sirtuin 1 in Male Germ Cells
Reproduction is the way to immortality for an individual, and it is essential to the continuation of the species. Sirtuins are involved in cellular homeostasis, energy metabolism, apoptosis, age-related problems, and sexual reproduction. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) belongs to the sirtuin family of deacetylases, and it is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase. It removes the acetyl group from a variety of substrates. SIRT1 regulates endocrine/metabolic, reproductive, and placental development by deacetylating histone, different transcription factors, and signal transduction molecules in a variety of cellular processes. It also plays a very important role in the synthesis and secretion of sex hormones via regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Moreover, SIRT1 participates in several key stages of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. 
  • 783
  • 13 Apr 2022
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