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Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles-Based Therapy for COVID-19: An Update
COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious concern and negatively impacted the public health and economy. It primarily targets the lungs causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, it may also lead to multiple organ failure (MOF) and enhanced mortality rates. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop effective and potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 patients. Extracellular vesicles(EVs) are released from various types of cells that participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological and pathological processes. EVs derived from various cellular origins have revealed suppressive effects on the cytokine storm during a systemic hyper-inflammatory state of severe COVID-19, leading to enhanced alveolar fluid clearance, promoted epithelial and endothelial recovery, and cell proliferation. Being the smallest subclass of EVs, exosomes offer striking characteristics such as cell targeting, nano-carrier for drug delivery, high biocompatibility, safety, and low-immunogenicity, hence renders them a potential cell-free therapeutic candidate against the pathogenesis of the various disease. Following these properties, numerous studiesand clinical trials have been performed to assess their safety and therapeuticefficacyagainst COVID-19.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nematode Communities and Soil Health under Climate Change
Soil health is intimately intertwined with ecosystem services. Climate change negatively impacts ecosystem functioning, by altering carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and shifting nutrient bioavailability, thus hampering food production and exacerbating biodiversity loss. Soil ecosystem services are provided by belowground biota, and as the most abundant metazoans on Earth, nematodes are key elements of soil food webs and reliable bioindicators of soil health. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Health and Methane Emissions
The dairy industry is facing criticism for its role in exacerbating global GHG emissions, as climate change becomes an increasingly pressing issue. These emissions mostly originate from methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). An optimal strategy involves the creation of an economical monitoring device to evaluate methane emissions from dairy animals.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
RFID Technology and Main Components
RFID Technology is an automatic identification technology, which works through radio signals, retrieving and storing data remotely. It is used in hundreds, or perhaps even thousands, of applications with the aim of collecting data about objects in order to identify ways to solve everyday problems.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Flexible Fluxgate Sensor
Fluxgate sensors are magnetic flux density measurement instruments. They are high-accuracy direction sensitive magnetometers that include the Earth’s magnetic field in their measuring range. For this reason, they are commonly used for magnetic compass applications. Among others, many current measurement devices are based on fluxgate sensors, since they can measure DC magnetic fields as well as low-frequency AC magnetic fields.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Molecules from Mexican Hypoglycemic Plants
Like in many developing countries, in Mexico, the use of medicinal plants is a common practice. Based on our own field experience, there are at least 800 plants used for treating diabetes nowadays. Thus, their investigation is essential. The molecules isolated from Mexican hypoglycemic plants, including their source and target tested, are worth studying. In the last few years, some researchers have focused on the study of Mexican hypoglycemic plants. Herewith we provide a review of the 86 active compounds belonging to different classes of natural products, that have been isolated from Mexican Hypoglycemic plants.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
STN DBS under General Anesthesia
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Traditionally, STN DBS for PD is performed by using microelectrode recording (MER) and/or intraoperative macrostimulation under local anesthesia (LA). However, many patients cannot tolerate the long operation time under LA without medication. In addition, it cannot be even be performed on PD patients with poor physical and neurological condition. Recently, it has been reported that STN DBS under general anesthesia (GA) can be successfully performed due to the feasible MER under GA, as well as the technical advancement in direct targeting and intraoperative imaging.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Schindler Disease
Schindler disease is an inherited disorder that primarily causes neurological problems.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
3D Cell Culture in Micro-Bioreactors
Bioreactors have proven useful for a vast amount of applications. Besides classical large-scale bioreactors and fermenters for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, micro-bioreactors, as specialized bioreactor systems, have become an invaluable tool for mammalian 3D cell cultures. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
NASA Micropulse Lidar Rain Algorithm
Precipitation modifies atmospheric column thermodynamics through the process of evaporation and serves as a proxy for latent heat modulation. For this reason, a correct precipitation parameterization (especially for low-intensity precipitation) within global scale models is crucial. In addition to improving our modeling of the hydrological cycle, this will reduce the associated uncertainty of global climate models in correctly forecasting future scenarios, and will enable the application of mitigation strategies. In this study we present a proof of concept algorithm to automatically detect precipitation from lidar measurements obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Micropulse lidar network (MPLNET). 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T Cell
Adoptive cellular approaches utilizing chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) targeting cancer-specific antigens would be a solution for circumventing the immune tolerance mechanisms. The immunotherapeutic regimen of CAR-T cell therapy has shown potential in the eradication of hematologic malignancies, and current clinical objectives maintain the equivalent efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors, including PCa. 
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
CML BCR-ABL1 positive is an acquired clonal myeloproliferative hematological malignancy derived from an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell. The leukemic cell clone consistently is characterized by a specific cytogenetic anomaly the so-called Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome representing a reciprocal chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) which generates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Cryptic translocations -being invisible on banding chromosome preparations- or variant translocations involving other chromosomes may represent an obstacle when establishing a diagnosis of CML. The presence of the Ph1 chromosome or BCR-ABL1 sharply separates CML from other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) like essential thrombocytosis (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and idiopathic (osteo)myelofibrosis (OMF/IMF). Notably, the detection of the Ph1 chromosome is not sufficiently specific to diagnose CML, as it is also found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2–5% of pediatric cases of ALL). The BCR-ABL1 is present in the bone marrow in all myeloid lineages as well as in some lymphoid cells. Whether endothelial cells of the bone marrow niche are BCR-ABL1 positive is a matter of debate. Morphologically, CML is characterized by a hypercellular bone marrow, an unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and megakaryocytes) resulting in abnormally high level of morphologically terminally differentiated granulocytes, as well as myeloid precursor cells in the blood and is associated with splenic enlargement in >60% of affected children.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Analysis
Nowadays, food adulteration and authentication are topics of utmost importance for consumers, food producers, business operators, and regulatory agencies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR), often associated with chemometric techniques, offers a fast and accurate method to detect and predict food adulteration based on the fingerprint characteristics of the food matrix.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Morus alba: Functional Food Potential
Morus alba L. (M. alba) is a highly adaptable mulberry plant that is extensively incorporated in many traditional and Ayurveda medications. Various parts of the plant, such as leaves, fruits, and seeds, possess nutritional and medicinal value. This context reports on the nutrients and bioactive compounds available in M. alba leaves, fruit, and seeds; its nutraceutical properties, functional properties as an ingredient in foodstuffs and microencapsulation technique to enhance polyphenol stability.  
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Rhipicephalus Tick in Southeast Asia
Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter
With the increasing interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Asteraceae) came into our focus as a readily available and aromatic wild shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. This work provides a phytochemical profile of D. viscosa in terms of parallel chemical composition in the lipophilic fraction (essential oil) and the water fraction (hydrosol). GC-MS analysis identified 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, α-terpenyl acetate, and α-muurolol as the major components of the essential oil, while in the hydrosol p-menth-1-en-9-ol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, cis-sabinene hydrate, and α-muurolol were the major volatile components. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the predominant compound in the hydrosol composition by HPLC analysis. The antimicrobial potential of both extracts was evaluated against thirteen opportunistic pathogens associated with common skin and wound infections and emerging food spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil suggests that the volatiles of D. viscosa could be used as novel antimicrobial agents. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to global health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown potential as alternative diagnostic and therapeutic agents in biomedical applications. Their clinical applications are limited to topical application due to their systemic toxicity, susceptibility to protease degradation, short half-life, and rapid renal clearance. To circumvent these challenges and improve AMP’s efficacy, different approaches such as peptide chemical modifications and the development of AMP delivery systems have been employed. Nanomaterials have been shown to improve the activity of antimicrobial drugs by providing support and synergistic effect against pathogenic microbes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Development of the Russian Rare-Earth Metal Industry
Global energy transition trends are reflected not only in oil and gas market dynamics, but also in the development of related sectors. They influence the demand for various types of metals and minerals. It is well-known that clean technologies require far more metals than their counterparts relying on fossil fuels. Nowadays, rare-earth metals (REMs) have become part and parcel of green technologies as they are widely used in wind turbine generators, motors for electric vehicles, and permanent magnet generators, and there are no materials to substitute them. Consequently, growth in demand for this group of metals can be projected in the near future.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Putative Anticancer Compounds from Plant-Derived Endophytic Fungi
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that exist almost ubiquitously inside the various tissues of living plants where they act as an important reservoir of diverse bioactive compounds. Recently, endophytic fungi have drawn tremendous attention from researchers; their isolation, culture, purification, and characterization have revealed the presence of around 200 important and diverse compounds including anticancer agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, immunosuppressants, and antimycotics. Many of these anticancer compounds, such as paclitaxel, camptothecin, vinblastine, vincristine, podophyllotoxin, and their derivatives, are currently being used clinically for the treatment of various cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast, prostate, lung cancers, and leukemias). By increasing the yield of specific compounds with genetic engineering and other biotechnologies, endophytic fungi could be a promising, prolific source of anticancer drugs. In the future, compounds derived from endophytic fungi could increase treatment availability and cost effectiveness. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Butterfly Community Diversity in the Qinling Mountains
The Qinling Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in China and a global biodiversity research and conservation hotspot. However, there is a lack of systematic research and survey of butterfly diversity in this region. Based on the butterfly taxa, combined with the changes in natural climate, altitude gradient and season in the Qinling Mountains, the butterfly diversity and community structure changes in 12 counties in the middle Qinling Mountains were analyzed by transect surveys and platform data analyses. A total of 9626 butterflies were observed, belonging to 427 species across 175 genera and 5 families. The species richness on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains is higher than that on the northern slope.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jan 2022
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