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With the increasing interest in obtaining biologically active compounds from natural sources, Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter (Asteraceae) came into our focus as a readily available and aromatic wild shrub widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. This work provides a phytochemical profile of D. viscosa in terms of parallel chemical composition in the lipophilic fraction (essential oil) and the water fraction (hydrosol). GC-MS analysis identified 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene oxide, α-terpenyl acetate, and α-muurolol as the major components of the essential oil, while in the hydrosol p-menth-1-en-9-ol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, cis-sabinene hydrate, and α-muurolol were the major volatile components. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the predominant compound in the hydrosol composition by HPLC analysis. The antimicrobial potential of both extracts was evaluated against thirteen opportunistic pathogens associated with common skin and wound infections and emerging food spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil suggests that the volatiles of D. viscosa could be used as novel antimicrobial agents.
Component | RI* | RI** | EO (Yield in %) |
H (Yield in %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 0.71 | 1.56 | ||
α-Pinene * | 938 | 1036 | 0.71 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.01 b |
Sabinene | 971 | 1115 | - | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
Myrcene | 992 | 1145 | - | 0.62 ± 0.03 |
Limonene | 1032 | 1204 | - | 0.43 ± 0.03 |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 53.41 | 81.85 | ||
1,8-Cineole | 1030 | 1211 | 16.41 ± 0.01 b | 18.55 ± 0.01 a |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1065 | 1561 | 4.23 ± 0.01 b | 10.97 ± 0.01 a |
Linalool | 1099 | 1548 | 6.62 ± 0.01 b | 11.67 ± 0.01 a |
Borneol * | 1176 | 1699 | 0.32 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.05 b |
α-Terpineol | 1186 | 1646 | 2.65 ± 0.01 a | 2.62 ± 0.01 b |
β-Cyclocitral | 1223 | 1629 | 4.81 ± 0.01 a | 2.23 ± 0.01 b |
Bornyl acetate | 1287 | 1591 | 2.71 ± 0.01 a | 0.67 ± 0.01 b |
p-Menth-1-en-9-ol | 1294 | 1915 | - | 29.93 ± 0.01 |
α-Terpinyl acetate | 1349 | 1685 | 13.92 ± 0.01 a | 1.31 ± 0.01 b |
Cyclohexene, 1,5,5-trimethyl-6-methylene | 1364 | - | - | 2.02 ± 0.01 |
(E)-Isoeugenol | 1446 | 2314 | 1.74 ± 0.01 | 1.76 ± 0.01 |
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 7.26 | - | ||
allo-Aromadendrene | 1465 | 1662 | 2.34 ± 0.01 | - |
β-Bisabolene | 1494 | 1729 | 4.31 ± 0.01 | - |
δ-Cadinene | 1517 | 1754 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | - |
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 30.11 | 13.49 | ||
Caryophyllene-oxide * | 1581 | 1955 | 15.14 ± 0.01 a | 3.24 ± 0.01 b |
α-Muurolol | 1645 | 2181 | 13.75 ± 0.01 a | 10.25 ± 0.01 b |
Cyperotundone | 1696 | - | 1.22 ± 0.01 | - |
Fatty acids | 2.58 | - | ||
Hexadecanoic acid | 1959 | 2913 | 2.58 ± 0.01 | - |
Hydrocarbons | 2.67 | - | ||
Heneicosane * | 2100 | 2100 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | - |
Docosane * | 2200 | 2200 | 1.73 ± 0.01 | - |
Tricosane * | 2300 | 2300 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | - |
Total identification (%) | 96.74 | 96.90 |
Phenolic Compound | mg/L ± SD |
---|---|
3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 62.24 ± 2.72 |
caffeic acid | 0.90 ± 0.06 |
trans-o-coumaric acid | 0.39 ± 0.02 |
cinnamic acid | 1.16 ± 0.01 |
luteolin | 1.75 ± 0.13 |
Species | Strain Origin | Essential Oil (mg/mL) a | |
---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | ||
Gram-positive bacteria | |||
Staphylococcus aureus | ATCC 29213 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Staphylococcus aureus | Clinical/MRSA | 5.6 | 5.6 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Human | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Streptococcus pyogenes | ATCC 19615 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Streptococcus agalactiae | Clinical | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Enterococcus faecalis | ATCC 29212 | 1.4 | 2.8 |
Listeria monocytogenes | ATCC 19111 (1/2a) | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Bacillus cereus | Food | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Clostridium perfringens | Food | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Gram-negative bacteria | |||
Escherichia coli | ATCC 25922 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | ATCC 19606 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
Yeast | MIC50 | MIC90 | |
Candida albicans | ATCC 90029 | 2.8 | 5.6 |
Molds | MIC50 | MIC90 | |
Aspergillus niger | Food | 0.09 | 5.6 |
Control | H Treated | |
---|---|---|
GSH level | 0.287 ± 0.007 a | 0.187 ± 0.025 b |
dpi | LLN ± SD | |
---|---|---|
3rd | C | 6.2 ± 0.2 a |
EO | 4.6 ± 0.2 b | |
H | 0.7 ± 0.2 c | |
7th | C | 14.2 ± 2.4 a |
EO | 8.9 ± 2.0 b | |
H | 1.2 ± 0.4 c |