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Topic Review
April 18: Albert Einstein Passed Away
On April 18, 1955, the world lost one of its greatest intellectual giants. Albert Einstein, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist whose theories reshaped modern science, passed away in Princeton, New Jersey, at the age of 76. His death marked not only the conclusion of an extraordinary life but also a turning point in 20th-century scientific history. Though his voice was silenced, his ideas continue to resonate through the cosmos.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Apr 2025
Topic Review
GALNT14
Members in the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GALNT) family function as the initiating enzymes to catalyze mucin-type O-glycosylation of proteins, of which dysregulated expression can alter cancer cell behaviors such as de novo occurrence, proliferation, migration, metastasis and drug resistance. One of its members, GALNT14, is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancers and involved in a variety of biological functions. Moreover, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GALNT14-rs9679162 has been shown to predict the therapeutic outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma as well as several other different types of gastrointestinal cancers. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Therapeutic Ophthalmic Lenses
The increase of public awareness on ocular conditions leads to an early diagnosis and treatment, as well as an increased demand for more effective and minimally invasive solutions for the treatment of both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Despite being the most common route of ophthalmic drug administration, eye drops are associated with compliance issues, drug wastage by lacrimation, and low bioavailability due to the ocular barriers. In order to overcome these problems, the design of drug-eluting ophthalmic lenses constitutes a non-invasive and patient-friendly approach for the sustained drug delivery to the eye. Several examples of therapeutic contact lenses and intraocular lenses have been developed, by means of different strategies of drug loading, leading to promising results. 
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Poxvirus Regulation of Host Apoptosis
Apoptosis is a form of cellular suicide initiated either via extracellular (extrinsic apoptosis) or intracellular (intrinsic apoptosis) cues. This form of programmed cell death plays a crucial role in development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms and its dysregulation is an underlying cause for many diseases. Intrinsic apoptosis is regulated by members of the evolutionarily conserved B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family, a family that consists of pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Bcl-2 genes have also been assimilated by numerous viruses including pox viruses, in particular the sub-family of chordopoxviridae, a group of viruses known to infect almost all vertebrates. The viral Bcl-2 proteins are virulence factors and aid the evasion of host immune defenses by mimicking the activity of their cellular counterparts. Viral Bcl-2 genes have proved essential for the survival of virus infected cells and structural studies have shown that though they often share very little sequence identity with their cellular counterparts, they have near-identical 3D structures.
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  • 15 Feb 2021
Topic Review
DNA Manipulation and Single-Molecule Imaging
DNA replication, repair, and recombination in the cell play a significant role in the regulation of the inheritance, maintenance, and transfer of genetic information. To elucidate the biomolecular mechanism in the cell, some molecular models of DNA replication, repair, and recombination have been proposed. These biological studies have been conducted using bulk assays, such as gel electrophoresis. Because in bulk assays, several millions of biomolecules are subjected to analysis, the results of the biological analysis only reveal the average behavior of a large number of biomolecules. Therefore, revealing the elementary biological processes of a protein acting on DNA (e.g., the binding of protein to DNA, DNA synthesis, the pause of DNA synthesis, and the release of protein from DNA) is difficult. Single-molecule imaging allows the analysis of the dynamic behaviors of individual biomolecules that are hidden during bulk experiments. Thus, the methods for single-molecule imaging have provided new insights into almost all of the aspects of the elementary processes of DNA replication, repair, and recombination. However, in an aqueous solution, DNA molecules are in a randomly coiled state. Thus, the manipulation of the physical form of the single DNA molecules is important. 
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  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
VO2max Test of Unhealthy Participants
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is strongly associated with endurance performance as well as health risk. Despite the fact that VO2max has been measured in exercise physiology for over a century, robust procedures to ensure that VO2max is attained at the end of graded exercise testing (GXT) do not exist. This shortcoming led to development of an additional bout referred to as a verification test (VER) completed after incremental exercise or on the following day. 
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  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Combination Therapies with PRRT
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a successful targeted radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). However, complete responses remain elusive. Combined treatments anticipate synergistic effects and thus better responses by combining ionizing radiation with other anti-tumor treatments. Furthermore, multimodal therapies often have a balanced toxicity profile. To date, few studies have evaluated the effect of combination therapies with PRRT, some of them phase I/II trials. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Child Labour in Developing Countries during Pandemics
Child labour refers to minors aged 5–11 engaged in any economic activity or at least 28 h of domestic activities, minors aged 12–14 engaged in any economic activity, excluding light work for no more than 14 h weekly and minors aged 15–16 engaged in any hazardous work. Child labour includes activities that deprive minors of their childhood, potential and dignity and could negatively affect their mental and physical development.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
A Long-Lasting PARP1-Activation Mediates Signal-Induced Gene Expression
PolyADP-ribosylation is an evolutionary conserved, reversible post-translational modification of proteins. Numerous nuclear proteins act as substrates of the abundant nuclear polyADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). In this modification, negatively charged ADP-ribose chains constructed on chromatin-bound proteins, cause their repulsion from the negatively charged DNA. In accordance, polyADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that causes relaxation of the highly condensed structure of the chromatin. Histone H1, which is bound to the linker DNA, located between the nucleosomes, is a prominent substrate of PARP1.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Remote Sensing Land Surface Temperature-Based ET Algorithms
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a process that includes evaporation from the surface, such as open water bodies, soil and vegetation, and transpiration as the water released mostly by the plant leaves transported from the root system. ET is a key factor in the hydrological cycle, since it describes the mechanism and energy needed to transport the liquid water stored in the soil-watershed-canopy system to the atmosphere, converted into water vapour.  Remote sensing technology is a globally consistent and economically feasible means to estimate ET values at regional and meso-scales on the Earth’s surface, since the approach directly links surface radiances and the components of the surface energy balance. Over the past, combined use of satellite remote sensing data from optical and thermal infrared sensors has provided substantial progress in the estimation of ET. Based on the concept of surface energy balance and net radiation, most remote sensing models have estimated ET for application studies such as water consumption, water resources planning and management over watersheds or modeling ecological processes and analyzing biophysical characteristics of landscape.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Medicinal Uses of Yingzhao
The medicinal plant Artabotrys hexapetalus (synonyms: A.uncinatus and A. odoratissimus) is known as yingzhao in Chinese. Extracts of the plant have long been used in Asian folk medicine to treat various symptoms and diseases, including fevers, microbial infections, ulcers, hepatic disorders and other health problems. In particular, extracts from the roots and fruits of the plant are used for treating malaria. Numerous bioactive natural products have been isolated from the plant, mainly aporphine (artabonatines, artacinatine) and benzylisoquinoline (hexapetalines) alkaloids, terpenoids (artaboterpenoids), flavonoids (artabotrysides), butanolides (uncinine, artapetalins) and a small series of endoperoxides known as yingzhaosu A-to-D. These natural products confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties to the plant extracts. The lead compound yingzhaosu A displays marked activities against the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei.
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  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mir
Mir is a computer display server and, recently, a Wayland compositor for the Linux operating system that is under development by Canonical Ltd. It was planned to replace the currently used X Window System for Ubuntu; however, the plan changed and Mutter was adopted as part of GNOME Shell. Mir was announced by Canonical on 4 March 2013 as part of the development of Unity 8, intended as the next generation for the Unity user interface. Four years later Unity 8 was dropped although Mir's development continued for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delivery to the Brain
Chemotherapy as an adjuvant therapy that has largely failed to significantly improve outcomes for aggressive brain tumors; some reasons include a weak blood brain barrier penetration and tumor heterogeneity. There has been interest in designing effective ways to deliver chemotherapy to the tumor.
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  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SAR Image Target Detection with Convolutional Neural Networks
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) target detection is a significant research direction in radar information processing. Aiming at the poor robustness and low detection accuracy of traditional detection algorithms, SAR image target detection based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is presented in this entry.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Nephrotoxicity of Drugs
A dynamic development of oncology has been observed, resulting from the increasingly frequent occurrence of neoplasms and therefore, increasing population of patients. The most effective form of therapy for cancer patients is complex multidisciplinary specialized disease management, including nephro-oncology care. Different forms of renal function impairment are frequently diagnosed in cancer patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Activators
The guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is heme-containing enzyme, which causes an increase in the level of cyclic 3′-5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in smooth muscle and subsequent vascular relaxation.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of Probiotics for Acne Vulgaris Topical Therapies
The skin microbiome is an essential barrier for preventing the invasion of pathogens and regulating the immune responses. When this barrier is disrupted, several dermatoses, including acne vulgaris, may arise. Probiotics have proven to be an alternative to the use of antibiotics, often associated with undesirable effects, in the treatment and prevention of dermatological disorders such as acne. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
“Orange” Wine
“Orange” wine, a product derived from white grapes, encapsulates the intriguing allure of ancient winemaking methods that trace their roots back to Georgia. The method enables an elevated presence of phenolic compounds, which can have a favorable influence on the sensory characteristics of the wines or their behavior during oxidative processes.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning Techniques for Customer Churn Prediction
The application of various machine learning techniques for predicting customer churn in the telecommunications sector is explored. Researchers utilized a publicly accessible dataset and implemented several models, including Artificial Neural Networks, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Random Forests, Logistic Regression, and gradient boosting techniques (XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost). To mitigate the challenges posed by imbalanced datasets, researchers adopted different data sampling strategies, namely SMOTE, SMOTE combined with Tomek Links, and SMOTE combined with Edited Nearest Neighbors. Moreover, hyperparameter tuning was employed to enhance model performance. Resarchers' evaluation employed standard metrics, such as Precision, Recall, F1-score, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under Curve (ROC AUC). In terms of the F1-score metric, CatBoost demonstrates superior performance compared to other machine learning models, achieving an outstanding 93% following the application of Optuna hyperparameter optimization. In the context of the ROC AUC metric, both XGBoost and CatBoost exhibit exceptional performance, recording remarkable scores of 91%. This achievement for XGBoost is attained after implementing a combination of SMOTE with Tomek Links, while CatBoost reaches this level of performance after the application of Optuna hyperparameter optimization.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Variables to Assess Consumers towards E-Commerce
Changes in consumer behavior are driven by tastes and preferences that change over time as their socioeconomic conditions change. Evaluating online purchases in the retail sector requires considering various criteria. Researchers Kumar and Anjaly developed a scale to measure the experience of customers after the purchase, they validated an instrument made up of 35 items grouped into six dimensions: (a) delivery; (b) return and exchange; (c) customer support; (d) feel good; (e) benefits; and (f) product in hand, demonstrating that the customer experience during the online purchase process is multidimensional and that they prioritize the quality and speed of the service received.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Jan 2024
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