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Topic Review
Aerial Bombardment and International Law
Air warfare must comply with laws and customs of war, including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons. These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike war on land and at sea—which are specifically covered by rules such as the 1907 Hague Convention and Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelines—there are no treaties specific to aerial warfare. To be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law: military necessity, distinction, and proportionality: An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cosmos DB
Azure Cosmos DB is Microsoft's proprietary globally distributed, multi-model database service "for managing data at planet-scale" launched in May 2017. It is schema-agnostic, horizontally scalable, and generally classified as a NoSQL database.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Carole Goble
Carole Anne Goble, CBE FREng (born 10 April 1961) is a British academic who is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Manchester.[1] She is Principal Investigator (PI) of the myGrid,[2] BioCatalogue[3] and myExperiment[4] projects and co-leads the Information Management Group (IMG) with Norman Paton.[5] Goble was educated at Maidstone Grammar School for Girls.[6] Her academic care
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Morphology of Lipedema
Lipedema is an adipofascial disorder that almost exclusively affects women. Lipedema leads to chronic pain, swelling, and other discomforts due to the bilateral and asymmetrical expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Although various distinctive morphological characteristics, such as the hyperproliferation of fat cells, fibrosis, and inflammation, have been characterized in the progression of lipedema, the mechanisms underlying these changes have not yet been fully investigated. In addition, it is challenging to reduce the excessive fat in lipedema patients using conventional weight-loss techniques, such as lifestyle (diet and exercise) changes, bariatric surgery, and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, lipedema patients also go through additional psychosocial distress in the absence of permanent treatment. Research to understand the pathology of lipedema is still in its infancy, but promising markers derived from exosome, cytokine, lipidomic, and metabolomic profiling studies suggest a condition distinct from obesity and lymphedema. Although genetics seems to be a substantial cause of lipedema, due to the small number of patients involved in such studies, the extrapolation of data at a broader scale is challenging. With the current lack of etiology-guided treatments for lipedema, the discovery of new promising biomarkers could provide potential solutions to combat this complex disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Biocatalysis
Biocatalysis is currently a workhorse used to produce a wide array of compounds, from bulk to fine chemicals, in a green and sustainable manner. The success of biocatalysis is largely thanks to an enlargement of the feasible chemical reaction toolbox. This materialized due to major advances in enzyme screening tools and methods, together with high-throughput laboratory techniques for biocatalyst optimization through enzyme engineering. Therefore, enzyme-related knowledge has significantly increased. To handle the large number of data now available, computational approaches have been gaining relevance in biocatalysis, among them machine learning methods (MLMs). MLMs use data and algorithms to learn and improve from experience automatically. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications in Climate Change
The proliferation of drone technologies has revealed new frontiers for climate change research and analysis in urban environments. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), provide scientists with unprecedented abilities to collect detailed spatial and temporal data about the built environment, enabling for more robust studies on the impacts of climate change on cities. Whereas satellite imagery was previously allowed for large-scale data accessibility, drones at present facilitate close-range data capture, monitoring, and mapping at new scales and from multiple angles.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Social Norm
Social norms are societal expectations and guidelines regarding acceptable behavior, beliefs, and values within a given culture or community. These norms dictate appropriate conduct in various social contexts, shaping individuals' interactions, attitudes, and decisions. Social norms are enforced through informal mechanisms, such as social approval, peer pressure, and conformity, and serve to maintain social order, cohesion, and stability within societies.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Fungi Remediate Soils Contaminated by War-like Activities
Fungi comprise the largest kingdom of higher organisms on the planet: eukaryotes with complex cell structures and abilities to make tissues and organs. Hyphae filaments have a rigid, complex cell wall and moving protoplasm (cytosol) divided into compartments by cross walls termed septa, allowing cellular components to move through these. The plasma membrane comprises a phospholipid bilayer associated with transmembrane proteins and ergosterol and some enzymes such as integral membrane proteins chitin synthase and glucan synthase. The release of enzymes into the extracellular environment, which many fungal species carry out, and the high contact area between filamentous fungi and the soil make these organisms promising for the degradation or immobilization of pollutants (explosives, metals, metalloids, radionuclides, and herbicides) in soil impacted by War-like activities.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles
There is a continuous and fast increase in electric vehicles (EVs) adoption in many countries due to the reduction of EVs prices, governments’ incentives and subsidies on EVs, the need for energy independence, and environmental issues. It is expected that EVs will dominate the private cars market in the coming years. These EVs charge their batteries from the power grid and may cause severe effects if not managed properly. On the other hand, they can provide many benefits to the power grid and get revenues for EV owners if managed properly.  This article presents the potential negative impacts of EVs charging on electric power systems mainly due to uncontrolled charging and how through controlled charging and discharging those impacts can be reduced and become even positive impacts through an energy management for electric vehicles.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Phage Therapy in Aquaculture Management
Therapeutic bacteriophages, commonly called as phages, are a promising potential alternative to antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections of a wide range of organisms including cultured fish. Their natural immunogenicity often induces the modulation of a variated collection of immune responses within several types of immunocytes while promoting specific mechanisms of bacterial clearance. 
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
EU Timber Regulation
Illegal logging and the associated deforestation have serious consequences for biodiversity, the climate, the economy and society. The EU Timber Regulation (EUTR) prohibits the placing of illegally harvested timber or timber products on the market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of EU imports of these products from the international market, in order to check how the transparency index of the supplying countries’ institutions and tree cover loss have influenced this trajectory. To that end, a panel data model is estimated with 228 observations from 38 exporting countries between 2012 and 2017. The results show that EU timber imports have a direct association with the transparency index and an inverse relationship with tree cover loss; both these relationships are highly significant at the one-percent level. Other significant factors are the performance of the EU construction sector (as a proxy for timber demand) and timber supply. In the short and medium-term, Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) signed between the EU and non-EU timber-producing countries have a negative influence on the supply to EU member states. This study presents an analysis of EU timber imports after the implementation of the EUTR, providing specific conclusions that can inform policymakers’ efforts to foster sustainable forest management.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Smith-Magenis Syndrome
Smith-Magenis syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vitamin K and Age-Associated Diseases
Vitamin K is a vital cofactor in activating several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes. Thus, vitamin K can carboxylate osteocalcin (a protein capable of transporting and fixing calcium in bone), activate matrix Gla protein (an inhibitor of vascular calcification and cardiovascular events) and carboxylate Gas6 protein (involved in brain physiology and a cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease inhibitor). By improving insulin sensitivity, vitamin K lowers diabetes risk. It also exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, autophagic effects and has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Recent research shows that protein S, another vitamin K-dependent protein, can prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 cases. The reduced activation of protein S due to the pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion was correlated with higher thrombogenicity and possibly fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 May 2021
Topic Review
Lymphocytes' Count and Frailty
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by a decrease in physiological reserve and reduced resistance to stress, as a result of an accumulation of multiple deficits in physiological systems. Frailty increases the vulnerability to adverse events and is associated with the aging process. Several studies show an association between frailty syndrome and altered blood lymphocyte levels in different clinical conditions, which is therefore potentially useful for monitoring interventions to improve or delay frailty at least in a subgroup of frail individuals. 
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Asymmetric Cell Division
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) of neural stem cells and progenitors not only renews the stem cell population but also ensures the normal development of the nervous system, producing various types of neurons with different shapes and functions in the brain. One major mechanism to achieve ACD is the asymmetric localization and uneven segregation of intracellular proteins and organelles into sibling cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) provides a potential mechanism for the formation of membrane-less biomolecular condensates that are asymmetrically distributed on limited membrane regions. Moreover, mechanical forces have emerged as pivotal regulators of asymmetric neural stem cell division by generating sibling cell size asymmetry. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries of ACD mechanisms driven by LLPS and mechanical forces.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ferritinophagy and α-Synuclein
A major hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the fatal destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta. This event is preceded by the formation of Lewy bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of α-synuclein protein aggregates. A triad contribution of α-synuclein aggregation, iron accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction plague nigral neurons, yet the events underlying iron accumulation are poorly understood. Elevated intracellular iron concentrations up-regulate ferritin expression, an iron storage protein that provides cytoprotection against redox stress. The intrinsically disordered synaptic protein, α-synuclein, is the principal component of neuronal Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN), which are cytoplasmic inclusions that hallmark α-synucleinopathies.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pros and Cons of Expanded Carrier Screening
Expanded Carrier Screening (ECS) means using molecular techniques to simultaneously analyze multiple DNA mutations or genes responsible for several genetic diseases without a clear risk of inheritance in the individual/couple admitted to the test. In this way, it is possible to avoid biases related to incomplete familial information or difficulties related to the correct estimation of the ethnic risks, also considering the multiethnicity of modern societies. However, more data mean more information, including the so-called incidental findings and the consequent need to finely regulate ECS and the following communication of the obtained results.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review Video
Tissue Engineering in Liver Regenerative Medicine
Organ and tissue shortage are known as a crucially important public health problem as unfortunately a small percentage of patients receive transplants. Liver tissue engineering (TE) enables us to reproduce and restore liver functions, fully or partially, which could be used in the treatment of acute or chronic liver disorders and/or generate an appropriate functional organ which can be transplanted or employed as an extracorporeal device.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Spheroid Formation and Peritoneal Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal dissemination (or carcinomatosis) accompanied by ascites formation is the most unfavorable factor in the progression and recurrence of OC. Tumor cells in ascites are present as either separate cells or, more often, as cell aggregates, i.e., spheroids which promote implantation on the surface of nearby organs and, at later stages, metastases to distant organs.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methane to Methanol
Methane is one of the promising alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources since it can be transformed into added-value hydrocarbon feedstocks through suitable reactions. The conversion of methane to methanol with a higher chemical value has recently attracted much attention. The selective oxidation of methane to methanol is often considered a “holy grail” reaction in catalysis. However, methanol production through the thermal catalytic process is thermodynamically and economically unfavorable due to its high energy consumption, low catalyst stability, and complex reactor maintenance. Photocatalytic technology offers great potential to carry out unfavorable reactions under mild conditions. Many in-depth studies have been carried out on the photocatalytic conversion of methane to methanol. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2022
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