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Topic Review
Functional Nanozyme
Nanozymes have the potential to replace natural enzymes, so they are widely used in energy conversion technologies such as biosensors and signal transduction (converting biological signals of a target into optical, electrical, or metabolic signals). The participation of nucleic acids leads nanozymes to produce richer interface effects and gives energy conversion events more attractive characteristics, creating what are called “functional nanozymes”. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Enzymes in/on Metal-Organic Framework Materials
The industrial use of enzymes generally necessitates their immobilization onto solid supports. The well-known high affinity of enzymes for metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, together with the great versatility of MOFs in terms of structure, composition, functionalization and synthetic approaches, has led the scientific community to develop very different strategies for the immobilization of enzymes in/on MOFs. This review focuses on one of these strategies, namely, the one-pot enzyme immobilization within sustainable MOFs, which is particularly enticing as the resultant biocomposite Enzyme@MOFs have the potential to be: (i) prepared in situ, that is, in just one step; (ii) may be synthesized under sustainable conditions: with water as the sole solvent at room temperature with moderate pHs, etc.; (iii) are able to retain high enzyme loading; (iv) have negligibleprotein leaching; and (v) give enzymatic activities approaching that given by the corresponding free enzymes. Moreover, this methodology seems to be near-universal, as success has been achieved with different MOFs, with different enzymes and for different applications. So far, the metal ions forming the MOF materials have been chosen according to their low price, low toxicity and, of course, their possibility for generating MOFs at room temperature in water, in order to close the cycle of economic, environmental and energy sustainability in the synthesis, application and disposal life cycle.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biodiesel as Renewable Biofuel in Current Diesel Engines
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Mold Control and Prevention in Libraries
Mold prevention is a conservation activity that is performed in libraries to protect books and other materials from deterioration caused by mold growth. Mold prevention consists of different methods, such as chemical treatments, careful environmental control, and manual cleaning. Preservationists use one or a combination of these methods to combat mold spores in library collections. Due to the resilient nature of mold and its potential for damage to library collections, mold prevention has become an important activity among preservation librarians. Although mold is naturally present in both indoor and outdoor environments, under the right circumstances it can become active after being in a dormant state. Mold growth responds to increased moisture, high humidity, and warm temperatures. Library collections are particularly vulnerable to mold since mold thrives off of organic, cellulose-based materials such as paper, wood, and textiles made of natural fibers. Changes in the moisture in the atmosphere can lead to mold growth and irreparable damage to library collections.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Atmospheric Sciences
Atmospheric sciences are the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system. Experimental instruments used in atmospheric sciences include satellites, rocketsondes, radiosondes, weather balloons, and lasers. The term aerology (from Greek ἀήρ, aēr, "air"; and -λογία, -logia) is sometimes used as an alternative term for the study of Earth's atmosphere. Early pioneers in the field include Léon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Disaster Recovery Plan
A disaster recovery plan (DRP) is a documented process or set of procedures to recover and protect a business IT infrastructure in the event of a disaster. Such a plan, ordinarily documented in written form, specifies procedures an organization is to follow in the event of a disaster. It is "a comprehensive statement of consistent actions to be taken before, during and after a disaster". The disaster could be natural, environmental or man-made. Man-made disasters could be intentional (for example, an act of a terrorist) or unintentional (that is, accidental, such as the breakage of a man-made dam). Given organizations' increasing dependency on information technology to run their operations, a disaster recovery plan, sometimes erroneously called a Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP), is increasingly associated with the recovery of information technology data, assets, and facilities.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Liquid Crystals
The liquid-crystalline state of matter (mesomorphic state, or mesophase) is intermediate between the crystalline and liquid states, simultaneously showing some of the anisotropic properties of solids and the fluidity of liquids. In this state, materials demonstrate a tendency to flow like liquids and have some properties similar to solids. LCs may be divided into two main classes, named thermotropics and lyotropics. The importance of liquid crystals, alongside with their technical applications, lies in their role as carriers of life. In fact, fully ordered solids are a dead matter, and fully disordered liquids are also dead. But liquid crystals, as partially ordered soft matter systems, bear all qualities that had been necessary for the emergence of life. Practically all biological structures show some features pf liquid crystalline ordering. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Soil-Borne Diseases of Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Flax is an important crop cultivated for its seeds and fibers. It is widely grown in temperate regions, with an increase in cultivation areas for seed production (linseed) in the past 50 years and for fiber production (fiber flax) in the last decade. Among fiber-producing crops, fiber flax is the most valuable species. Linseed is the highest omega-3 oleaginous crop, and its consumption provides several benefits for animal and human health. Among biotic factors, soil-borne eukaryotic diseases pose a significant threat to both seed production and fiber quality, which highlights the economic importance of controlling these diseases. 
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Responses
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. Interaction of lectin with sugars on cell surface can activate multiple cellular responses, including the immune response. Many insect lectins have been identified or predicted but without in-depth analysis.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Predicting Response to Immune-Checkpoint Inhibition
The therapeutic concept of unleashing a pre-existing immune response against the tumor by the application of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has resulted in long-term survival in advanced cancer patient subgroups. Established biomarkers such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) help to select patients who will most likely benefit from ICI, however, biomarker negativity does not exclude responses. Investigating alterations in the antigen presenting pathway as well as radiomics have the potential to determine tumor immunogenicity and response to ICI. A plethora of steps is crucial for proper tumor neoantigen presentation and T cell recognition. Alterations in the antigen presenting pathway give rise to resistance mechanisms that in turn abolish the effect of ICI. Tumor neoantigen prediction models have been shown to identify cancer patients who benefit most from immune-checkpoint blockade, however, a high false positive rate is a drawback of these models. The predictive value of already established biomarkers is considerably heterogeneous across various malignancies and intratumoral and intrapatient heterogeneity complicate tumor tissue-based biomarker assessment. Radiomics offers the opportunity to evaluate biomarkers based on imaging studies without the necessity to perform tumor tissue biopsies. Several radiomics studies have shown to predict clinical outcome with ICI. Radiomics might also help to identify patients who are at risk for hyperprogressive disease upon initiation of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy and patients who are at risk for high grade immune-related adverse events.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CPNHs for Fuel Cell Application
Carbon materials such as carbon graphitic structures, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanosheets are extensively used as supports for electrocatalysts in fuel cells. Alternatively, conducting polymers displayed ultrahigh electrical conductivity and high chemical stability havegenerated an intense research interest as catalysts support for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as well as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Moreover, metal or metal oxides catalysts can be immobilized on the pure polymer or the functionalized polymer surface to generate conducting polymer-based nanohybrids (CPNHs) with improved catalytic performance and stability. Metal oxides generally have large surface area and/or porous structures and showed unique synergistic effects with CPs. Therefore, a stable, environmentally friendly bio/electro-catalyst can be obtained with CPNHs along with better catalytic activity and enhanced electron-transfer rate.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Smart Grid
The smart grid is enabling the collection of massive amounts of high-dimensional and multi-type data about the electric power grid operations, by integrating advanced metering infrastructure, control technologies, and communication technologies.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Bovine Mastitis
Bovine mastitis is the most costly disease affecting cows worldwide. Reduced milk production, changes in milk composition, discarded milk, higher replacement costs, additional labour, care costs and veterinarian services all add to substantial economic losses for dairy farmers and the milk processing sector. The risk factors that predisposes dairy cows to mastitis may be classified as cow-related, microorganism-related or management-practices-related risk factors.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and HDL
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels above the 90th percentile of the distribution of HDL-C values in the general population. Secondary non-genetic factors such as drugs, pregnancy, alcohol intake, and liver diseases might induce HDL increases. Primary forms of HALP are caused by mutations in the genes coding for cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (HL), apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and endothelial lipase (EL).
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MSMPs and MSMs
Magnetic shape memory polymers (MSMPs) belong to the group of shape memory materials, a group that can change their shape back to their “remembered” shape when they are exposed to a stimulus. MSMPs are essentially shape memory polymers whose shape memory effect is stimulated by heat. In the case of the MSMPs, magnetic particles are incorporated in the shape memory polymer. When the material is placed in an external alternating magnetic field, the magnetic particles heat up due to induction heating. The heated particles heat the shape memory polymer from the inside and when the activation temperature is reached, the shape memory effect is activated. Magnetic soft materials (MSMs) exist out of an elastomer with incorporated magnetic particles. The magnetic fields of these magnetic particles are set in specific magnetization patterns inside the elastomer during the fabrication process. When the magnetic soft material is placed inside an external static magnetic field, the magnetic fields of the magnetic particles align with the external magnetic field. This creates micro torques in the elastomer and pulls the elastomer matrix in a programmed shape.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Genus Brachystelma (Apocynaceae)
The Brachystelma genus (family: Apocynaceae) consists of geophytes that are traditionally utilised among rural communities, especially in East Africa, southern Africa, West Africa, and northern and western India. Apart from being used as a food source, they are indicated as treatment for ailments such as colds, chest pains, and wounds. This review provides a critical appraisal on the ethnobotanical uses, nutritional value, phytochemical profiles, and biological activities of Brachystelma species.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Efficiency of Industrial Based on Network DEA Method
There are two main methods to study the efficiency of industrial sectors. The first is parametric method represented by stochastic frontier method (SFA). The other is the more widely used non-parametric method represented by data envelopment analysis (DEA), which makes up for the shortcomings of the SFA method. It does not need to specify a certain functional relationship between input and output. The operation process of the Chinese provincial industrial system consists of four stages, namely the production (P) stage, wastewater treatment (WWT) stage, solid waste treatment (SWT) stage, and sulfur dioxide treatment (SDT) stage. Based on this structure, a four-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is developed to evaluate the eco-efficiency, production efficiency, wastewater treatment efficiency, solid waste treatment efficiency, and sulfur dioxide treatment efficiency of provincial industrial systems in China, considering the undesirable output and variable returns to scale (VRS). 
  • 1.4K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Production Potential of Pantoea ananatis
Pantoea ananatis, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Erwiniaceae family, is a well-known phytopathogen isolated from many ecological niches and plant hosts. However, this bacterium also provides us with various beneficial characteristics, such as the growth promotion of their host plants and increased crop yield. 
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithms in Manufacturing
The quality-control process in manufacturing must ensure the product is free of defects and performs according to the customer’s expectations. Maintaining the quality of a firm’s products at the highest level is very important for keeping an edge over the competition. To maintain and enhance the quality of their products, manufacturers invest a lot of resources in quality control and quality assurance. During the assembly line, parts will arrive at a constant interval for assembly. The quality criteria must first be met before the parts are sent to the assembly line where the parts and subparts are assembled to get the final product. Once the product has been assembled, it is again inspected and tested before it is delivered to the customer. Because manufacturers are mostly focused on visual quality inspection, there can be bottlenecks before and after assembly. The manufacturer may suffer a loss if the assembly line is slowed down by this bottleneck. To improve quality, state-of-the-art sensors are being used to replace visual inspections and machine learning is used to help determine which part will fail.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2022
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