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Topic Review
Definition of Hypertension and Establishment of Treatment Targets
Hypertension is the most frequent chronic and non-communicable disease all over the world, with about 1.5 billion affected individuals worldwide. Its impact is currently growing, particularly in low-income countries. Even in high-income countries, hypertension remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated, with consequent low rates of blood pressure (BP) control.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Techniques to Preserve Endothelial Cells in Vein Grafts
Endothelial cells comprise the intimal layer of the vasculature, playing a crucial role in facilitating and regulating aspects such nutrient transport, vascular homeostasis, and inflammatory response. Endothelial dysfunction is believed to be a key driver for vein graft disease—a pathology in which vein grafts utilised in coronary artery bypass graft surgery develop intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis, resulting in poor long-term patency rates. Activation and denudation of the endothelium following surgical trauma and implantation of the graft encourage a host of immune, inflammatory, and cellular differentiation responses that risk driving the graft to failure. Several approaches have been developed to mitigate the onset and progression of this pathology both clincally and surgically, including optimisation of surgical technique, vein preservation conditions and pharma-modulation. Novel approaches are also under investigation in recent years, including the use of topical gene therapy and the utilisation of endothelial progenitor/colony-forming cells to regenerate vein grafts with the view to improving patient outcomes.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Macrophages as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the greatest public health concerns and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. CVD is a broad yet complex term referring to numerous heart and vascular conditions, all with varying pathologies. Macrophages are one of the key factors in the development of these conditions. Macrophages play diverse roles in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and an imbalance of these mechanisms contributes to the development of CVD.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is defined as the clinical syndrome of angina, electrocardiographic ischemic changes in the absence of obstructive CAD. The pathophysiological basis is impaired microvascular vasodilatation, leading to inadequate increase in blood flow to match myocardial oxygen needs (previously referred to in the literature as “cardiac syndrome X”).
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism during Pregnancy
Many of the symptoms and signs reported in almost 50% of women during physiological pregnancy, such as shortness of breath or lower limb oedema—especially as pregnancy advances through the third trimester—may suggest the possibility of a pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Acute Heart Failure Epidemiology and Management
Acute heart failure (AHF) is defined as a new onset or recurrence of HF symptoms and signs requiring emergency therapeutic interventions. It may occur as the first manifestation of HF, or more frequently as an acute decompensation of chronic HF.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning for Hypovolemia Problems
Hypovolemia is a physiological state of reduced blood volume that can exist as either (1) absolute hypovolemia because of a lower circulating blood (plasma) volume for a given vascular space (dehydration, hemorrhage) or (2) relative hypovolemia resulting from an expanded vascular space (vasodilation) for a given circulating blood volume (e.g., heat stress, hypoxia, sepsis). The external environment and the user's level of physical activity can exacerbate hypovolemic challenges to the body. Noninvasive, wearable sensing systems are being developed to track a user's ability to compensate for these challenges. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Closure of PFO by Traditional Devices
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a cardiac congenital anomaly with high prevalence in the general population (20–30%) and often represents an incidental finding. PFO can be implicated in the pathogenesis of several medical conditions, so called PFO-associated syndromes, including cryptogenic thromboembolism, decompression sickness, migraine, and arterial deoxygenation syndromes. In 1975, King and Mills performed for the first time a percutaneous atrial septal defect closure in humans by using an automatically opening “umbrella-like” device, further refined to the clamshell double-umbrella device, which had the advantage of being recapturable or removable up to the end of the procedure.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Epicardial Adipose Tissue
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active organ recently associated with heart failure and atrial fibrillation and classified as an independent risk factor for subclinical coronary artery disease. Some evidence suggests as the assessment of EAT using coronary artery calcium (CAC) might represent an additional tool to quantify patients’ cardiovascular risk.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Polarized Cardiac Arrest
The concept of “polarized arrest” is attractive because maintaining the membrane potential close to the resting potential value reduces the untoward effects of Ca2+ loading. A polarised tissue is also more resistant to ischemia and inflammations reported by several in vitro and animal studies. The future of polarized arrest is an exciting one and may play an important role in treating the next generation of patients who are older, sicker with multiple comorbidities and require more complex operations with prolonged cross-clamping times.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardioncology
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as a pandemic, considering its remarkable transmission speed worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPRSS2, which is a serine protease both expressed in lungs, the gastro-intestinal tract, and cardiac myocytes. Patients with COVID-19 experienced adverse cardiac events (hypertension, venous thromboembolism, arrhythmia, myocardial injury, fulminant myocarditis), and patients with previous cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of death. Cancer patients are extremely vulnerable with a high risk of viral infection and more negative prognosis than healthy people, and the magnitude of effects depends on the type of cancer, recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery and other concomitant comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome). Patients with active cancer or those treated with cardiotoxic therapies may have heart damages exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 infection than non-cancer patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Empowered Echocardiography Interpretation
Echocardiography (Echo), a widely available, noninvasive, and portable bedside imaging tool, is the most frequently used imaging modality in assessing cardiac anatomy and function in clinical practice. Artificial-intelligence-empowered echo (AI-Echo) can potentially reduce inter-interpreter variability and indeterminate assessment and improve the detection of unique conditions as well as the management of various cardiac disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Types of Dysrhythmias
Dysrhythmia is a term referring to the occurrence of spontaneous and repetitive changes in potentials with parameters deviating from those considered normal. The term refers to heart anomalies but has a broader meaning. Dysrhythmias may concern the heart, neurological system, digestive system, and sensory organs. Ion currents conducted through ion channels are a universal phenomenon. The occurrence of channel abnormalities will therefore result in disorders with clinical manifestations depending on the affected tissue, but phenomena from other tissues and organs may also manifest themselves. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Anthracycline is identified as one of the cancer treatments most likely to induce a significant decrease in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiomyopathy, and cardiac ischemia, ultimately leading to heart failure.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Heart Failure (HF) are closely linked to each other, as each can be either the cause of or the result of the other. Successfully treating one of the two entities means laying the basis for treating the other one as well. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, It is predisposed by several risk factors such as HF, ischemic heart disease, high blood pressure, valvular heart disease, sleep apnea, and diabetes, and at the same time increases the risk of developing heart failure of any kind (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF; heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFmrEF; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). AF and heart failure co-exist in up to 30% of patients and are closely linked to each other, as each can be either the cause of or the result of the other (“Atrial Fibrillation Begets Heart Failure and Vice Versa”). When both conditions occur in the same patient, the prognosis is worse than with either condition alone. Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) is a well established treatment option in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Studies investigating PVI in patients with AF and HF will be discussed in this paper.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Novel Biomarkers of Heart Failure in Pediatrics
Novel biomarkers of heart failure are the subject of numerous studies. Biomarkers of heart failure can be determined in the blood and in the urine. The future of biomarker use is in multimarker panels that include a combination of biomarkers with different pathophysiological mechanisms in order to improve their diagnostic and prognostic predictive value.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Unmet Needs in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) swiftly evolved from a disrupting technology towards mainstream therapy in the field of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. A series of randomized evaluations established its role in treating severe aortic stenosis patients across all surgical risk categories, paving the way for an extension of its indications to younger low-risk patients with a longer life expectancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Aspirin Therapy, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Dementia is associated with a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a significant vascular contribution to dementia, and aspirin may play a role in targeting this vascular dysregulation via its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Aspirin has effects on the primary prevention of cognitive impairment and various subtypes of dementia, as well as its role in cognitive decline in certain subsets of patients, including those with cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and gender differences. Overall, the benefits of aspirin in preventing dementia and cognitive decline remain inconclusive. The majority of cohort studies investigating aspirin’s role in preventing cognitive decline or dementia looked promising, but this was not supported in most randomised controlled trials.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Obesity: Shaping Future Generations' Well-Being
Maternal obesity (MO) results in short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Maternal obesity can have profound implications for metabolic regulation during pregnancy due to changes in glucose metabolism to support fetal growth.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular System
RES (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene), a natural phytoalexin found in a wide variety of plants (e.g., nuts, berries, and grapes) is produced in response to environmental stress. RES exists as two geometric isomers: cis-(Z) and trans-(E). Trans- and cis-resveratrol can be either free or bound to glucose. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2021
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