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Topic Review
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is defined as the clinical syndrome of angina, electrocardiographic ischemic changes in the absence of obstructive CAD. The pathophysiological basis is impaired microvascular vasodilatation, leading to inadequate increase in blood flow to match myocardial oxygen needs (previously referred to in the literature as “cardiac syndrome X”).
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism during Pregnancy
Many of the symptoms and signs reported in almost 50% of women during physiological pregnancy, such as shortness of breath or lower limb oedema—especially as pregnancy advances through the third trimester—may suggest the possibility of a pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Empowered Echocardiography Interpretation
Echocardiography (Echo), a widely available, noninvasive, and portable bedside imaging tool, is the most frequently used imaging modality in assessing cardiac anatomy and function in clinical practice. Artificial-intelligence-empowered echo (AI-Echo) can potentially reduce inter-interpreter variability and indeterminate assessment and improve the detection of unique conditions as well as the management of various cardiac disorders.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Renin–Angiotensin-System-Induced Cardiac Remodelling
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) indicates its central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodelling via both hemodynamic alterations and direct growth and the proliferation effects of angiotensin II or aldosterone resulting in the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and inflammatory immune cell activation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Novel Biomarkers of Heart Failure in Pediatrics
Novel biomarkers of heart failure are the subject of numerous studies. Biomarkers of heart failure can be determined in the blood and in the urine. The future of biomarker use is in multimarker panels that include a combination of biomarkers with different pathophysiological mechanisms in order to improve their diagnostic and prognostic predictive value.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Heart Failure (HF) are closely linked to each other, as each can be either the cause of or the result of the other. Successfully treating one of the two entities means laying the basis for treating the other one as well. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, It is predisposed by several risk factors such as HF, ischemic heart disease, high blood pressure, valvular heart disease, sleep apnea, and diabetes, and at the same time increases the risk of developing heart failure of any kind (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF; heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFmrEF; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). AF and heart failure co-exist in up to 30% of patients and are closely linked to each other, as each can be either the cause of or the result of the other (“Atrial Fibrillation Begets Heart Failure and Vice Versa”). When both conditions occur in the same patient, the prognosis is worse than with either condition alone. Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI) is a well established treatment option in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Studies investigating PVI in patients with AF and HF will be discussed in this paper.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Maternal Obesity: Shaping Future Generations' Well-Being
Maternal obesity (MO) results in short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Maternal obesity can have profound implications for metabolic regulation during pregnancy due to changes in glucose metabolism to support fetal growth.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Inflammatory Role of Medin in Vascular Disease
Medin, a small 50-amino acid peptide, is an internal cleaved product from the second discoidin domain of milk fat globule epidermal growth factor VIII (MFG-E8) protein. Medin has been reported as the most common amylogenic protein in the upper part of the arterial system, including aortic, temporal, and cerebral arterial walls in the elderly. Medin has a high affinity to elastic fibers and is closely associated with arterial degenerative inflammation, elastic fiber fragmentation, calcification, and amyloidosis. In vitro, treating with the medin peptide promotes the inflammatory phenotypic shift of both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies demonstrate that medin enhances the abundance of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Immunostaining and immunoblotting analyses of human samples indicate that the levels of medin are increased in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm/dissection, temporal arteritis, and cerebrovascular dementia. Thus, medin peptide could be targeted as a biomarker diagnostic tool or as a potential molecular approach to curbing the arterial degenerative inflammatory remodeling that accompanies aging and disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardioncology
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as a pandemic, considering its remarkable transmission speed worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPRSS2, which is a serine protease both expressed in lungs, the gastro-intestinal tract, and cardiac myocytes. Patients with COVID-19 experienced adverse cardiac events (hypertension, venous thromboembolism, arrhythmia, myocardial injury, fulminant myocarditis), and patients with previous cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of death. Cancer patients are extremely vulnerable with a high risk of viral infection and more negative prognosis than healthy people, and the magnitude of effects depends on the type of cancer, recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery and other concomitant comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome). Patients with active cancer or those treated with cardiotoxic therapies may have heart damages exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 infection than non-cancer patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cardio- and Neurometabolic Adipobiology
Abstract: Studies over the past 30 years have revealed that adipose tissue is the major endocrine and paracrine organ of the human body. Arguably, adiopobiology has taken its reasonable place in studying obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is viewed herein as a neurometabolic disorder. The pathogenesis and therapy of these diseases are multiplex at basic, clinical and translational levels. Our present goal is to describe new developments in cardiometabolic and neurometabolic adipobiology. Accordingly, we focus on adipose- and/or skeletal muscle-derived signaling proteins (adipsin, adiponectin, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neuroptrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, irisin, sirtuins, Klotho, neprilysin, follistatin-like protein-1, meteorin-like (metrnl), as well as growth differentiation factor 11) as examples of metabotrophic factors (MTFs) implicated in the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity and related CMDs. We argue that these pathologies are MTF-deficient diseases. In 1993 the “vascular hypothesis of AD” was published and in the present review we propose the “vasculometabolic hypothesis of AD.” We discuss how MTFs could bridge CMDs and neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Greater insights on how to manage the MTF network would provide benefits to the quality of human life.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Unmet Needs in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) swiftly evolved from a disrupting technology towards mainstream therapy in the field of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. A series of randomized evaluations established its role in treating severe aortic stenosis patients across all surgical risk categories, paving the way for an extension of its indications to younger low-risk patients with a longer life expectancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Dysrhythmias
Dysrhythmia is a term referring to the occurrence of spontaneous and repetitive changes in potentials with parameters deviating from those considered normal. The term refers to heart anomalies but has a broader meaning. Dysrhythmias may concern the heart, neurological system, digestive system, and sensory organs. Ion currents conducted through ion channels are a universal phenomenon. The occurrence of channel abnormalities will therefore result in disorders with clinical manifestations depending on the affected tissue, but phenomena from other tissues and organs may also manifest themselves. 
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Epicardial Adipose Tissue
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active organ recently associated with heart failure and atrial fibrillation and classified as an independent risk factor for subclinical coronary artery disease. Some evidence suggests as the assessment of EAT using coronary artery calcium (CAC) might represent an additional tool to quantify patients’ cardiovascular risk.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Polarized Cardiac Arrest
The concept of “polarized arrest” is attractive because maintaining the membrane potential close to the resting potential value reduces the untoward effects of Ca2+ loading. A polarised tissue is also more resistant to ischemia and inflammations reported by several in vitro and animal studies. The future of polarized arrest is an exciting one and may play an important role in treating the next generation of patients who are older, sicker with multiple comorbidities and require more complex operations with prolonged cross-clamping times.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Cardiovascular Function
Free fatty acids (FFAs) are metabolically produced and utilized as energy substrates during almost every biological process in the human body. Contrary to long- and medium-chain FFAs, which are mainly synthesized from dietary triglycerides, short-chain FFAs (SCFAs) derive from the gut microbiota-mediated fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber. Originally thought to serve only as energy sources, FFAs are now known to act as ligands for a specific group of cell surface receptors called FFA receptors (FFARs), thereby inducing intracellular signaling to exert a variety of cellular and tissue effects. All FFARs are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that play integral roles in the regulation of metabolism, immunity, inflammation, hormone/neurotransmitter secretion, etc. Four different FFAR types are known to date, with FFAR1 (formerly known as GPR40) and FFAR4 (formerly known as GPR120) mediating long- and medium-chain FFA actions, while FFAR3 (formerly GPR41) and FFAR2 (formerly GPR43) are essentially the SCFA receptors (SCFARs), responding to all SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. As with various other organ systems/tissues, the important roles the SCFARs (FFAR2 and FFAR3) play in physiology and in various disorders of the cardiovascular system have been revealed over the last fifteen years.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Monoamine Oxidases
On the one hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the onset and progression of a wide array of diseases. On the other hand, these are a part of signaling pathways related to cell metabolism, growth and survival. While ROS are produced at various cellular sites, in cardiomyocytes the largest amount of ROS is generated by mitochondria. Apart from the electron transport chain and various other proteins, monoamine oxidases (MAO) has been proposed to modify mitochondrial ROS formation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
EndMT
Endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells lose their specific markers, such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and acquire a mesenchymal or myofibroblastic phenotype, expressing specific products, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Significance of microRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases
The microRNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs (long ncRNAs), and circRNAs (circular RNAs) with significant regulatory and structural roles make up approximately 99% of the human genome, which does not contain proteins. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) have been discovered to be essential novel regulators of cardiovascular risk factors and cellular processes, making them significant prospects for advanced diagnostics and prognosis evaluation. Cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are rising due to limitations in the existing therapeutic approach; most of the treatment options are based on the coding transcripts that encode proteins. Various investigations have shown the role of nc-RNA in the early diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. Furthermore, the development of novel diagnoses and treatments based on miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs could be more helpful in the clinical management of patients with CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Immunoassays for Cardiac Troponin
Troponin is a complex of three proteins that regulate the contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscles. The measurement of cardiac troponin levels in patient's blood has become the “gold standard” indicator of myocardial infarction (MI) (“heart attack”). The measurements are conducted using an immunoassay that specifically and selectively detects troponin through antibody-protein binding and emits through a fluorescent output signal for quantification.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Aspirin Therapy, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Dementia is associated with a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a significant vascular contribution to dementia, and aspirin may play a role in targeting this vascular dysregulation via its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Aspirin has effects on the primary prevention of cognitive impairment and various subtypes of dementia, as well as its role in cognitive decline in certain subsets of patients, including those with cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and gender differences. Overall, the benefits of aspirin in preventing dementia and cognitive decline remain inconclusive. The majority of cohort studies investigating aspirin’s role in preventing cognitive decline or dementia looked promising, but this was not supported in most randomised controlled trials.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2023
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