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Topic Review
Retrospective Memory
Retrospective memory is the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic, semantic and procedural. It can be either implicit or explicit. In contrast, prospective memory involves remembering something or remembering to do something after a delay, such as buying groceries on the way home from work. However, it is very closely linked to retrospective memory, since certain aspects of retrospective memory are required for prospective memory.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Targeting the Neural Circuits for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by cognitive and behavioral symptoms. These AD-related manifestations result from the alteration of neural circuitry by aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are neurotoxic. From a neuroscience perspective, identifying neural circuits that integrate various inputs and outputs to determine behaviors can provide insight into the principles of behavior. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the alterations in the neural circuits associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms. Interestingly, it is well known that the alteration of neural circuitry is prominent in the brains of patients with AD. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Network Biology Approaches in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a polygenic multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that is without a cure. There are some symptomatic treatments to manage the psychological symptoms but none of these drugs can halt disease progression. Additionally, many anti-AD drugs failed in late stages of clinical trials and many hypotheses surfaced to explain these failures, including the lack of clear understanding of disease pathways and processes. Different epigenetic factors have been implicated in AD pathogenesis; thus, they could serve as promising AD diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, network biology approaches have been suggested as effective tools to study AD on the systems level and discover multi-target-directed ligands as novel treatments for AD.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensing of Dopamine Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are biochemical molecules that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse to a target cell, thus being essential to the function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Dopamine is one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters since it is involved in many functions of the human central nervous system, including motor control, reward, or reinforcement. It is of utmost importance to quantify the amount of dopamine since abnormal levels can cause a variety of medical and behavioral problems. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Surgical Coaptation Techniques in Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Peripheral nerve injuries requiring surgical repair affect over 100,000 individuals in the US annually. Three accepted methods of peripheral repair include end-to-end, end-to-side, and side-to-side neurorrhaphy, each with its own set of indications.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Experimental Models for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Representing an important cause of long–term disability, term neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) urgently needs further research aimed at repurposing existing drug as well as developing new therapeutics. Since various experimental in vitro and in vivo models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, it becomes important to select the appropriate preclinical screening cascade for testing the efficacy of novel pharmacological treatments.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Metalloproteins
Many proteins with zinc-binding domains (ZBDs) are involved in epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, which regulate transcription in physiological and pathological conditions. Zinc metalloproteins in epigenetics are mainly zinc metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), classified into writers, erasers, readers, editors, and feeders. Altogether, these classes of proteins engage in crosstalk that fundamentally maintains the epigenome's modus operandi. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Approaches to Estimate Minimum Clinically Important Differences
The origin of evidence-based medicine (EBM) dates back to the 1970s. This paradigm emphasizes a methodical evaluation of the evidence for use in health care decision-making, along with the knowledge of decision-makers and the expectations and values of patients. There is a growing awareness of correlating statistically significant results with clinical relevance in clinical trials to avoid the misinterpretation of study findings and prevent patients from being exposed to unnecessary therapies. The concept of “clinically important difference”, which has been developed as a way to overcome the drawbacks of a “statistically significant difference” and which represents a change that the patient feels, is noteworthy. The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) is the threshold value for such a change, first described by Jaeschke and colleagues in 1989. There has been a shift towards considering clinical relevance rather than just statistical significance in interpreting results from clinical trials. Multiple rating scales, such as the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Barthel Index (BI), are commonly used as outcome measures in both daily neurological practice and clinical trials, including stroke trials.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Stroke of Cortical Hand Knob Area
The cortical hand knob region of the brain is a knob-like segment of the precentral gyrus, projecting into the middle genu of the central sulcus. This anatomic landmark is responsible for intricate control of hand motor movements and has often been implicated in motor weakness following stroke.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Nutrition in Chronic Pain Management
A poor nutritional status such as malnutrition, unhealthy dietary behaviors, and a suboptimal dietary intake can play a significant role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of chronic pain. The relationship between nutrition and chronic pain is complex and may involve many underlying mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and glucose metabolism. As such, pain management requires a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach that includes nutrition. Nutrition is the top modifiable lifestyle factor for chronic non-communicable diseases including chronic pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Freezing of Gait
Parkinson Disease (PD) primarily affects older adults. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Freezing of Gait (FoG) is a symptom present in approximately 80% of advanced-stage PD’s patients. FoG episodes alter the continuity of gait, and may be the cause of falls that can lead to injuries and even death. The recent advances in the development of hardware and software systems for the monitoring, stimulus, or rehabilitation of patients with FoG has been of great interest to researchers because detection and minimization of the duration of FoG events is an important factor in improving the quality of life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
S1P in Multiple Sclerosis
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling molecule with complex biological functions that are exerted through the activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors 1–5 (S1PR1–5). S1PR expression is necessary for cell proliferation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and, importantly, for the egress of lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid organs. Since the inflammatory process is a key element of immune-mediated diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), S1PR modulators are currently used to ameliorate systemic immune responses. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanosystems and Inflammation
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that has a well-known ability to bind with the cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptor on classically activated M1 macrophages. HA-nanosystems can be used for targeted drug delivery to counter inflammation and, subsequently, pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aducanumab for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody that works to reduce Aβ load in the brain; it is the first disease-modifying therapy to be approved for AD treatment. Current AD treatment is centered on supportive care to manage the debilitating symptoms of dementia, and pharmacotherapy goals of mainstay classes of drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, do not modify the course of the disease. A substantial proportion of patients with Alzheimer’s disease live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and the debilitating effects of this disease exerts burdens on patients and caregivers in addition to the significant economic strains many nations bear.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma (GB) stands out as the most prevalent and lethal form of brain cancer. Despite multimodality treatments, recurrence is almost universal with survival rates under 2 years after diagnosis. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tetrodotoxin for Neuropathic&Cancer Pain Relief
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin found mainly in puffer fish and other marine and terrestrial animals. TTX blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) which are typically classified as TTX-sensitive or TTX-resistant channels. VGSCs play a key role in pain signaling and some TTX-sensitive VGSCs are highly expressed by adult primary sensory neurons. During pathological pain conditions, such as neuropathic pain, upregulation of some TTX-sensitive VGSCs, including the massive re-expression of the embryonic VGSC subtype NaV1.3 in adult primary sensory neurons, contribute to painful hypersensitization. In addition, people with loss-of-function mutations in the VGSC subtype NaV1.7 present congenital insensitive to pain. TTX displays a prominent analgesic effect in several models of neuropathic pain in rodents. According to this promising preclinical evidence, TTX is currently under clinical development for chemo-therapy-induced neuropathic pain and cancer-related pain.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Tau Self-Assembly
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, apathy, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Two main pathological hallmarks have been described: neurofibrillary tangles, consisting of tau oligomers (hyperphosphorylated tau) and Aβ plaques. The influence of protein kinases and phosphatases on the hyperphosphorylation of tau is already known. Hyperphosphorylated tau undergoes conformational changes that promote its self-assembly. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Phenols to Prevent Neurodegeneration
Aging causes changes in brain tissue homeostasis, thus contributing to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds are of particular interest for neurodegenerative diseases whose psychopathological mechanisms strongly rely on oxidative stress at the brain level. Moreover, phenolic compounds display other advantages such as the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the interesting molecular mechanisms.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Background of Agave Species
The Agavaceae Endl. Family is distributed in the American continent, among the United States, Central America and the Antilles. In Mexico, approximately 342 species are recognized, and are distributed among eight different genera: Agave L., Beschorneria Kunth, Furcraea Vent., Hesperaloe Engelm., Manfreda Salisb., Polianthes L., Prochnyanthes S. Watson and Yucca L. The Agave genus is mostly distributed in Mexico, where approximately 75% of these species are located.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ageing, Microglia and Mitochondria in Parkinson’s Disease Neurodegeneration
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related chronic, progressive, multi-system, neurodegenerative disease with an incidence second only to Alzheimer’s disease. A PD diagnosis requires the presence of two core motor features, including diminished movement (bradykinesia), tremor, muscle rigidity, or postural instability, difficulty initiating voluntary movement (akinesia), involuntary eye movements, and blinking, which can take up to 15-20 years to become evident. There is now an increasing level of evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial mediated proinflammatory immune response, as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in aging and PD. This research proposes that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum, rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jul 2023
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