Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Topic Review
Biodegradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a widely used plastic that is polymerized by terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG).
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Application of Porous Materials for CO2 Reutilization
This entry describes the application of porous materials  in solar thermochemical reduction technologies.
  • 764
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning Development
ML models can be classified into several types depending on the task objectives, such as regression, classification, reinforcement learning, generative models, and so on.  Regarding ML models available for regression prediction, all ML models in the collected research were classified into 4 categories: traditional convex optimization-based models (TCOB models), tree models, linear regression (LR), and modern deep-learning structure models (modern DL structure). 
  • 406
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Deforestation, Urbanization, and Mosquito and Tick-Borne Diseases
Central America is a unique geographical region that connects North and South America, enclosed by the Caribbean Sea to the East, and the Pacific Ocean to the West. This region, encompassing Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, and Nicaragua, is highly vulnerable to the emergence or resurgence of mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases due to a combination of key ecological and socioeconomic determinants acting together, often in a synergistic fashion. Of particular interest are the effects of land use changes, such as deforestation-driven urbanization and forest degradation, on the incidence and prevalence of these diseases, which are not well understood. In recent years, parts of Central America have experienced social and economic improvements; however, the region still faces major challenges in developing effective strategies and significant investments in public health infrastructure to prevent and control these diseases.
  • 626
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Reducing Chlorine Evolution through Transitional Metal Dopants
Electrocatalytic water splitting is a possible route to the expanded generation of green hydrogen; a long-term challenge is the requirement of fresh water as an electrolyzer feed. The use of seawater as a direct feed for electrolytic hydrogen production would alleviate fresh water needs and potentially open an avenue for locally generated hydrogen from marine hydrokinetic or off-shore power sources. One environmental limitation to seawater electrolysis is the generation of chlorine as a competitive anodic reaction. 
  • 489
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bioactive compounds from the Gut of Grey Mullets
Fish gut represents a peculiar ecological niche where bacteria can transit and reside to play vital roles by producing bio-compounds with nutritional, immunomodulatory and other functions. This complex microbial ecosystem reflects several factors (environment, feeding regimen, fish species etc.). The objective of the present study was the identification of intestinal microbial strains able to produce molecules called biosurfactants (BSs) which were tested for surface and antibacterial activity in order to select a group of probiotic bacteria for aquaculture use. This works indicated that fish gut is a source of bioactive compounds which deserves to be explored for applicative purposes.
  • 471
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste
Incineration bottom ash (IBA) is the main residue from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration and refers to the incombustible materials that remain in the furnace after combustion. IBA is a very heterogeneous material, comprising irregularly shaped particles and a wide particle size distribution. This material is a complex inorganic mixture generally composed of melt products, minerals, metallic compounds, ceramics, and glass [1]. The classification and the management practices of IBA differ worldwide and, particularly, among the EU Member States. However, different applications have been studied for this material.
  • 4.7K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Chitin in Agricultural Industries
Chitin can play a key role in the agricultural industry due to its water-soluble nature. The different applications of chitin in the agricultural industry have been well documented with even more novel processes still in development. Some of those would include, but are not limited to, being used as fertilizers, soil conditioning agents, plant disease control agents, antitranspirants, fruit retardants, and seed coatings. Furthermore, chitin can increase the natural defense mechanisms in plants by upregulating plant growth regulators, growth stimulants, anti-stress agents, and elicitors for the production of secondary metabolites.
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Oils
Essential oils (EOs) are chemical products produced by odoriferous glands from a variety of plants. These essential oils have many health benefits: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. So due to these medicinal properties, the present study was designed to analyze essential oils of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. for their chemical composition and biological activities. These two thyme species were collected from the region of Ifrane, Middle Atlas of Morocco. 
  • 767
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mechanism of Metal Homeostasis in Plants
Heavy metal stress (HMS) is one of the most destructive abiotic stresses which seriously affects the growth and development of plants. In general, three core signals are involved in plants’ responses to HMS; these are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), calcium, and hormonal (abscisic acid) signals. In addition to these signal components, other regulatory factors, such as microRNAs and membrane proteins, also play an important role in regulating HMS responses in plants. 
  • 557
  • 24 Dec 2021
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