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Essential oils (EOs) are chemical products produced by odoriferous glands from a variety of plants. These essential oils have many health benefits: antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. So due to these medicinal properties, the present study was designed to analyze essential oils of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. for their chemical composition and biological activities. These two thyme species were collected from the region of Ifrane, Middle Atlas of Morocco.
Harvest Site | EO | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|
Azrou | T. zygis | 5.25 ± 0.01 |
Ifrane | T. willdenowii | 3.00 ± 0.02 |
T. zygis | T. willdenowii | |
---|---|---|
Density | 0.92 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.05 |
Refractive index | 1.50 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.04 |
Degree degree (%) | 85.44 ± 0.05 | 76.62 ± 0.05 |
No. | Compounds | Kováts Index (KI) | Molecular Formula | Area% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. willdenowii | T. zygis | ||||
1 | α-Pinene | 939 | C10H16 | 0.59 | 0.62 |
2 | Camphene | 954 | C10H16 | 0.96 | 0.78 |
3 | β-Pinene | 979 | C10H16 | - | 0.06 |
4 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 979 | C8H16O | - | 0.20 |
5 | Myrcene | 990 | C10H16 | 2.43 | 0.27 |
6 | 3-δ-Carene | 1002 | C10H16 | - | 0.29 |
7 | p-Cymene | 1024 | C10H14 | 1.78 | - |
8 | o-Cymene | 1026 | C10H14 | - | 23.14 |
9 | Limonene | 1029 | C10H16 | 2.16 | 0.28 |
10 | 1,8-Cineole | 1031 | C10H18O | 1.77 | 0.18 |
11 | (Z)-β-ocimene | 1037 | C10H16 | 0.42 | - |
12 | γ-Terpinene | 1059 | C10H16 | 0.61 | 1.98 |
13 | Cis-Linalool oxide | 1072 | C10H18O2 | - | 0.13 |
14 | Trans-Linalool oxide | 1086 | C10H18O2 | - | 0.25 |
15 | Linalool | 1096 | C10H18O2 | 1.78 | 2.40 |
16 | Camphor | 1146 | C10H16O2 | 5.99 | 0.16 |
17 | Borneol | 1169 | C10H18O | 4.74 | 3.30 |
18 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1177 | C10H18O | 1.06 | 0.35 |
19 | α-Terpineol | 1188 | C10H18O | - | 0.10 |
20 | Pulegone | 1237 | C10H16O | - | 0.08 |
21 | Carvacrol methyl ether | 1244 | C10H16O | - | 0.07 |
22 | Thymol | 1290 | C10H14O | 1.28 | 9.68 |
23 | Carvacrol | 1299 | C10H14O | 16.19 | 52.2 |
24 | Geranyl acetate | 1381 | C12H20O2 | 8.35 | - |
25 | β-Bourbonene | 1388 | C15H24 | 2.48 | - |
26 | β-Elemene | 1390 | C15H24 | 3.96 | - |
27 | (E)-Caryophyllene | 1419 | C15H24 | 5.59 | 0.99 |
28 | β-YLangene | 1420 | C15H24 | 0.51 | - |
29 | γ-Elemene | 1436 | C15H24 | 0.82 | - |
30 | Germacrene D | 1481 | C15H24 | 16.51 | - |
31 | α-Murolene | 1500 | C15H24 | - | 0.09 |
32 | γ-Amorphene | 1512 | C15H24 | 0.87 | 0.07 |
33 | γ-Cadinene | 1513 | C15H24 | 0.87 | - |
34 | Spathulenol | 1578 | C15H24O | 0.96 | 0.18 |
35 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1583 | C15H24O | 6.90 | 1.06 |
36 | Allo-Aromadendrene epoxide | 1640 | C15H24O | 0.92 | - |
37 | Caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5β-ol | 1640 | C15H24O | - | 0.09 |
38 | Epi-α-Cadinol | 1640 | C15H26O | - | 0.09 |
39 | Cubenol | 1646 | C15H26O | 0.55 | - |
40 | Eudesmol | 1650 | C15H26O | 0.61 | - |
41 | Cedr-8(15)-en-10-ol | 1652 | C15H24O | - | 0.20 |
42 | α-Cadinol | 1654 | C15H18 | 1.32 | - |
43 | Cadalene | 1676 | C15H18 | - | 0.23 |
44 | Germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1α-ol | 1686 | C15H24O | 2.09 | - |
45 | hexahydrofarnesyl acetone | 1932 | C18H36O | 0.62 | - |
46 | Cembrene C | 1940 | C20H18 | 0.69 | - |
47 | Hexadecanoic acid | 1960 | C16H32O2 | 2.31 | - |
48 | Cis-Totarol, methyl ether | 2208 | C21H32O | - | 0.07 |
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 32.81 | 68.7 | |||
Hydrocarbon monoterpenes | 8.95 | 27.55 | |||
Hydrocarboned sesquiterpene | 31.61 | 1.4 | |||
Oxygenated sesquiterpene | 13.35 | 1.85 | |||
Lignar esters | 8.35 | - | |||
Others | 3.62 | 0.27 | |||
Total | 98.69 | 99.84 |
ATB | A. baumannii | ATB | E. cloacae |
---|---|---|---|
TIC75 | 6 ± 00 (R) | TIC75 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
CAZ30 | 6 ± 00 (R) | CAZ30 | 20 ± 00 (S) |
MEM10 | 6 ± 00 (R) | OFX5 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
TIM85 | 6 ± 00 (R) | AMC3 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
IPM10 | 6 ± 00 (R) | IPM10 | 27 ± 0.1 (S) |
CT50 | 6 ± 00 (R) | CT50 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
TOB10 | 6 ± 00 (R) | FOX30 | 21 ± 00 (S) |
CIP5 | 6 ± 00 (R) | AML10 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
TE30 | 6 ± 00 (R) | CN15 | 22 ± 0.2 (S) |
CN15 | 21.5 ± 0.1 (S) | AK30 | 19 ± 00 (I) |
AK30 | 6 ± 00 (R) | ||
PRL75 | 6 ± 00 (R) |
ATB | S. aureus | ATB | E. coli | S. Typhi | S. dysenteriae |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CIP5 | 23 ± 0.1 (S) | CT50 | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | 21 ± 0.2 (S) |
VA30 | 26 ± 0.3 (S) | MEM10 | 21 ± 0.2 (S) | 22 ± 0.2 (S) | 23.5 ± 0.1 (S) |
TE30 | 24.5 ± 0.2 (S) | TIC75 | 06 ± 00 (R) | 21.5 ± 00 (S) | 20.5 ± 0.3 (S) |
CN15 | 21 ± 0.1 (S) | AK30 | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | 22 ± 0.2 (S) | 22 ± 0.1 (S) |
MY15 | 30 ± 0.1 (S) | C30 | 27 ± 00 (S) | 29 ± 00 (S) | 20 ± 00 (S) |
E15 | 20 ± 00 (S) | PRL75 | 21 ± 00 (S) | 21 ± 00 (S) | 21 ± 00 (S) |
CAZ30 | 22 ± 0.3 (S) | IPM10 | 23 ± 0.2 (S) | 21 ± 0.3 (S) | 23 ± 0.2 (S) |
TOB10 | 21.5 ± 0.1 (S) | CIP5 | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | 20.5 ± 0.2 (S) | 30.5 ± 0.1 (S) |
SXT25 | 20 ± 0.2 (S) | AMC30 | 21 ± 0.2 (S) | 21 ± 0.1 (S) | 20 ± 0.2 (S) |
FD10 | 23 ± 0.4 (S) | CN15 | 06 ± 00 (R) | 20 ± 0.2 (S) | 21 ± 0.1 (S) |
FOX30 | 22 ± 0.1 (S) | CAZ30 | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | 23.5 ± 0.1 (S) | 20.5 ± 0.2 (S) |
RD30 | 25 ± 00 (S) | CRO30 | 21 ± 00 (S) | 22 ± 00 (S) | 24 ± 00 (S) |
OFX5 | 20 ± 0.1 (S) | CTX30 | 20 ± 0.2 (S) | 21 ± 0.1 (S) | 23 ± 0.2 (S) |
Essential Oils Concentration Tested (µL/mL) | Essential Oils Inhibition Diameter (mm) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus | E. coli | S. Typhi | A. baumannii | E.cloacae | S. dysenteriae | |||||||
Tz | Tw | Tz | Tw | Tz | Tw | Tz | Tw | Tz | Tw | Tz | Tw | |
2 | 75 ± 00 *** | 33 ± 0.2 *** | 54 ± 00 *** | 15 ± 00 ns | 20 ± 00 * | 06 ± 00 ns | 71.5 ± 0.1 *** | 30 ± 00 ** | 60.1 ± 0.1 *** | 14 ± 00 ns | 6 ± 00 ns | 6 ± 00 ns |
4 | 84 ± 0.2 *** | 33.8 ± 0.1 *** | 60 ± 00 *** | 16.3 ± 0.1 ns | 24.5 ± 0.3 * | 6 ± 00 ns | 72 ± 00 *** | 35 ± 00 ** | 64.5 ± 0.4 *** | 15.5 ± 1.2 ns | 18 ± 0.1 ns | 6 ± 00 ns |
6 | 84 ± 0.1 *** | 38 ± 0.3 *** | 71 ± 00 *** | 18 ± 00 * | 30.1 ± 0.2 ** | 13.5 ± 0.1 ns | 76.3 ± 0.2 *** | 43.6 ± 0.1 *** | 71.3 ± 0.3 *** | 21 ± 00 * | 37.5 ± 0.9 ** | 6 ± 00 ns |
8 | 84 ± 0.6 *** | 42 ± 00 *** | 82.2 ± 0.2 *** | 21.4 ± 0.2 * | 50 ± 00 *** | 16 ± 00 ns | 78.1 ± 0.1 *** | 51 ± 00 *** | 77 ± 00 *** | 23 ± 00 * | 40 ± 00 *** | 13 ± 00 ns |
10 | 84 ± 0.3 *** | 47.2 ± 0.1 *** | 84 ± 00 *** | 22.1 ± 0.3 * | 52 ± 00 *** | 18.9 ± 1.3* | 80.7 ± 1.4 *** | 56 ± 00 *** | 78.9 ± 0.1 *** | 35 ± 00 * | 48.6 ± 0.4 *** | 15 ± 00 ns |
12 | 84 ± 00 *** | 48 ± 00 *** | 84 ± 00 *** | 23 ± 00 * | 57.5 ± 00 *** | 23 ± 00 * | 81 ± 00 *** | 60 ± 00 *** | 82 ± 00 *** | 38 ± 00 * | 51 ± 00 *** | 18 ± 00 * |
2(DMSO) | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 *** | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 | 06 ± 00 |
Bacteria | T. zygis | T. willdenowii | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MIC µL/mL | MBC µL/mL | MIC µL/mL | MBC µL/mL | |
E. coli | 02 ± 0.002 * | 02 ± 0.001 * | 04 ± 0.006 * | 04 ± 00 ns |
S. aureus | 02 ± 0.0009 * | 02 ± 0.004 * | 04 ± 00 ns | 04 ± 0.01 ** |
S. Typhi | 04 ± 0.003 * | 04 ± 00 ns | 06 ± 00 ns | 06 ± 00 ns |
A. baumannii | 02 ± 0.001 * | 02 ± 0.001 * | 04 ± 0.001 * | 04 ± 0.012 ** |
E. cloacae | 02 ± 0.007 * | 02 ± 00 ns | 06 ± 0.008* | 06 ± 0.005 * |
S. dysenteriae | 06 ± 0.0001 * | 06 ± 0.0003 * | 10 ± 00 ns | 10 ± 00 ns |
Fungal Species | Antifungal: Fluconazole V = 20 µL |
---|---|
C. glabrata | S |
C. albicans | S |
Candida spp. | R |
A. fischeri | R |
F. solani | R |
Species | C = 20 µL/mL | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Oil Inhibition Diameter (mm) | |||||
C. glabrata | C. albicans | Candida spp. | F. solani | A. fischeri | |
T. zygis | 40 ± 0.3 * | 29 ± 0.5 ns | 27 ± 1.2 ns | 18 ± 1.3 ns | 40 ± 2.1 ** |
T. willdenowii | 17 ± 0.1 ns | 19 ± 1.1 ns | 23 ± 0.1 ns | 12 ± 00 ns | 22 ± 00 * |
Fluconazole | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 23.7 ± 0.2 | 24 ± 0.6 | 16.3 ± 0.3 | 13.7 ± 02 |
Fungal Species |
T. zygis | T. willdenowii | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC µL/mL | MFC µL/mL | MFC/MIC | MFC µL/mL | MFC µL/mL | MFC/MIC | |
C. glabrata | 20 ± 0.001 * | 20 ± 0.0009 * | 1 | 30 ± 00 ns | 30 ± 00 ns | 1 |
C. albicans | 20 ± 0.015 ** | 20 ± 0.0001 * | 1 | 20 ± 0.0009 * | 20 ± 00 ns | 1 |
Candida spp. | 20 ± 00 ns | 20 ± 00 ns | 1 | 20 ± 0.002 * | 20 ± 0.007 * | 1 |
F. solani | 30 ± 00 ns | 30 ± 0.0002 * | 1 | 30 ± 00 ns | 30 ± 00 ns | 1 |
A. fischeri | 20 ± 0.014 ** | 20 ± 00 ns | 1 | 20 ± 00 ns | 20 ± 00 ns | 1 |