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Topic Review
Wireless Electronic Devices and Health
The World Health Organization (WHO) has researched electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and their alleged effects on public health, concluding that such exposures within recommended limits do not produce any known adverse health effect. In response to public concern, the WHO established the International EMF Project in 1996 to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF in the frequency range from 0 to 300 GHz. They have stated that although extensive research has been conducted into possible health effects of exposure to many parts of the frequency spectrum, all reviews conducted so far have indicated that, as long as exposures are below the limits recommended in the ICNIRP (1998) EMF guidelines, which cover the full frequency range from 0–300 GHz, such exposures do not produce any known adverse health effect. Stronger or more frequent exposures to EMF can be unhealthy, and in fact serve as the basis for electromagnetic weaponry. International guidelines on exposure levels to microwave frequency EMFs such as ICNIRP limit the power levels of wireless devices and it is uncommon for wireless devices to exceed the guidelines. These guidelines only take into account thermal effects, as nonthermal effects have not been conclusively demonstrated. The official stance of the British Health Protection Agency is that “[T]here is no consistent evidence to date that WiFi and WLANs adversely affect the health of the general population”, but also that “...it is a sensible precautionary approach...to keep the situation under ongoing review...”. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization, classified wireless radiation as Group 2B – possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of wireless devices needs to be conducted.
  • 373
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Communications and Power Transfer on Intra-Vehicular Applications
In the world of space systems and launchers in particular, there is always a strong demand for the reduction of the weight of all components/subsystems that are not related to the payload and simplification of the integration phase. A possible solution to both these problems is the replacement of cables and connectors with wireless systems for communication and power supply. 
  • 187
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Wireless Communication Technologies for Localization
The rapid development of information communication and artificial intelligence (AI) technology is driving innovation in various new application fields such as autonomous driving, augmented reality, and the metaverse. In particular, the advancement of wireless localization technology plays a great role in these cutting-edge technologies. However, traditional wireless localization systems rely on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), which is ineffective in indoor or underground environments. To overcome this issue, indoor positioning systems (IPS) have gained attention, and various localization techniques utilizing wireless communication were studied. Subsequently, AI technologies are improving the performance of wireless localization and addressing problems that were previously difficult to solve. 
  • 283
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles
Wireless charging modules for electric vehicles (EVs) are being increasingly studied. Two techniques of transferring power to EVs via charging systems can be used: conductive charging and wireless charging. Some notable studies, as presented in this work, focused on developing more effective wireless-charging modules for electric vehicles to pave the way for the creation of more sustainable urban transportation. It is also important to note that attaining this sustainable urban mobility is dependent on using clean energy sources (like solar photovoltaic). As a result, some techniques were discussed to supplement wireless charging and hence reduce the size of the needed energy storage device for urban mobility.
  • 804
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Caching in RAN
Caching has attracted much attention recently because it holds the promise of scaling the service capability of radio access networks (RANs). To realize caching, the physical layer and higher layers have to function together, with the aid of prediction and memory units, which substantially broadens the concept of cross-layer design to a multi-unit collaboration methodology. 
  • 658
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wireless Battery Management System Topologies
An effective battery management system (BMS) is indispensable for any lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered systems such as electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary grid-tied energy storage systems. Massive wire harness, scalability issue, physical failure of wiring, and high implementation cost and weight are some of the major issues in conventional wired-BMS. One of the promising solutions researchers have come up with is the wireless BMS (WBMS) architecture. Despite research and development on WBMS getting momentum more than a decade ago, it is still in a preliminary stage. Significant further upgradation is required towards developing an industry-ready WBMS, especially for high-power LIB packs.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wire Harness Manufacturing Processes
The automotive industry is one of the most important economic sectors in the world. At the beginning, vehicles only had mechanical components, so the use of an automotive wire harness was not indispensable. Cars today are equipped with electronic components that, in addition to the basic operations of moving, turning, and stopping, perform more and more functions every day. Wiring harnesses are indispensable for controlling these electronic components.
  • 3.1K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an emerging and promising technology for producing medium-to-large-scale metallic components/structures for different industries, i.e., aerospace, automotive, shipbuilding, etc. It is now a feasible alternative to traditional manufacturing processes due to its shorter lead time, low material waste, and cost effectiveness. WAAM has been widely used to produce components using different materials, including copper-based alloy wires, in the past decades. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing for Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Out of all the metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, the directed energy deposition (DED) technique, and particularly the wire-based one, are of great interest due to their rapid production. In addition, they are recognized as being the fastest technique capable of producing fully functional structural parts, near-net-shape products with complex geometry and almost unlimited size. There are several wire-based systems, such as plasma arc welding and laser melting deposition, depending on the heat source. The main drawback is the lack of commercially available wire; for instance, the absence of high-strength aluminum alloy wires. Therefore, this entry covers conventional and innovative processes of wire production and includes a summary of the Al-Cu-Li alloys with the most industrial interest in order to foment and promote the selection of the most suitable wire compositions. The role of each alloying element is key for specific wire design in WAAM; this entry describes the role of each element (typically strengthening by age hardening, solid solution and grain size reduction) with special attention to lithium. At the same time, the defects in the WAAM part limit its applicability. For this reason, all the defects related to the WAAM process, together with those related to the chemical composition of the alloy, are mentioned. Finally, future developments are summarized, encompassing the most suitable techniques for Al-Cu-Li alloys, such as PMC (pulse multicontrol) and CMT (cold metal transfer).
  • 558
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Materials Corrosion Behaviour
Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a deposition rate process for the creation and/or repair of large structural metallic components. The non-equilibrium heating and cooling conditions associated with WAAM lead to the development of heterogenous microstructures. Although there is a large body of work focusing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM-fabricated components, assessment of the corrosion behaviour of alloys fabricated by WAAM is still in its infancy. Here, the body of knowledge associated with the corrosion behaviour of different WAAM-fabricated engineering alloys is presented and discussed. Future perspectives and potential research topics are also presented. This is the first work focusing on the corrosion of wire and arc additive manufactured materials.
  • 379
  • 18 Apr 2023
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