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Topic Review
Phosphate Toxicity Associated with Tumorigenesis and Obesity
Phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of excess phosphate in the body from dysregulated phosphate metabolism, is associated with tumorigenesis. High levels of hormones that regulate phosphate metabolism, such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23, are also associated with obesity, providing a potential link between obesity and phosphate toxicity. Increased dietary intake of inorganic phosphate is linked to excessive consumption of foods processed with phosphate additives, and consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increase in the incidence of obesity.
  • 169
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sodium Chloride, Migraine and Salt Withdrawal
Salt (sodium chloride) meets the criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence, including withdrawal in which the substance is used to relieve withdrawal symptoms. The premonitory symptoms of migraine include food cravings for salty foods, which can alleviate migraine pain. Edema, possibly related to large amounts of salt consumed in binge eating, can cause approximately four pounds of retained fluid. This amount of fluid is similar to the fluid retained before the onset of migraine headache, which may be accompanied by polyuria.
  • 226
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Reporting Bias in COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Clinical Trials
Relative risk reduction and absolute risk reduction measures in the evaluation of clinical trial data are poorly understood by health professionals and the public. The absence of reported absolute risk reduction in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials can lead to outcome reporting bias that affects the interpretation of vaccine efficacy. 
  • 207
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Snake Venom Disintegrins in Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays a critical role in various physiological and pathological conditions. Snake venom disintegrins (SVDs) have been identified as significant regulators of this process.
  • 94
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Algal-Based Hollow Fiber Membrane Bioreactors
The treatment of living organisms is a critical aspect of various environmental and industrial applications, ranging from wastewater treatment to aquaculture. Algal membrane bioreactors (AMBRs) combine membrane separation with biological treatment. The layout of a biological reactor is designed in such a way that it promotes the production of microorganisms that need oxygen and dissolved organic carbon to reproduce. A membrane separates microorganism biomass from wastewater before removing bacteria and suspended particulates.
  • 94
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gas Turbines to the Hydrogen Energy Move
Land-based gas turbines (GTs) are continuous-flow engines that run with permanent flames once started and at stationary pressure, temperature, and flows at stabilized load. Combustors operate without any moving parts and their substantial air excess enables complete combustion. These features provide significant space for designing efficient and versatile combustion systems. In particular, as heavy-duty gas turbines have moderate compression ratios and ample stall margins, they can burn not only high- and medium-BTU fuels but also low-BTU ones. Hydrogen is an energy carrier and not a primary energy as there are very scarce natural sources thereof; the rare reservoirs of hydrogen originate from chemical reactions inside the earth crust and are sometimes referred to as “natural H2”or “white H2”.
  • 782
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Musical Instruments Made of Composites and Alternative Materials
The evolution of musical instrument manufacturing has been a dynamic process, with traditional materials such as wood playing a predominant role for centuries. However, the need for innovation in the musical industry has driven researchers and manufacturers to explore alternative materials that offer enhanced performance, sustainability, and versatility. The demand for different materials arises from various challenges faced by the musical instruments industry, including the lack of high-quality tonewoods, the significant variations in both mechanical and acoustical properties of wood internally within a single piece or across the same species, environmental concerns, and the quest for achieving specific acoustic properties. Composite materials, such as carbon- and graphite fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs and GFRPs), ceramic polymers, and nanocomposites, constitute promising alternatives that not only address these challenges, but also offer unique advantages in terms of durability, weight reduction, and customizable acoustic characteristics. 
  • 386
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
SCD and Genetic Propensity for Dementia beyond Apolipoproteinε4
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been described as a probable early stage of dementia, as it has consistently appeared to precede the onset of objective cognitive impairment. SCD is related to many risk factors, including genetic predisposition for dementia. The Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele, which has been thoroughly studied, seems to explain genetic risk for SCD only partially.
  • 235
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Advancements in Glaucoma Diagnosis
The progress of artificial intelligence algorithms in digital image processing and automatic diagnosis studies of the eye disease glaucoma has been growing and presenting essential advances to guarantee better clinical care for the population.
  • 187
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metformin in Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer (EC), ranking sixth in global cancer mortality, comprises two distinct diseases: esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EAC is linked to Barrett’s esophagus (BE), influenced by factors like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity, while ESSC arises from squamous cells, with tobacco and alcohol as notable risks.
  • 192
  • 14 Mar 2024
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