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Topic Review
Types and Applications of Unconventional Feed
Unconventional feed, which is abundant in China, contains anti-nutritional factors and toxins; however, these can be greatly reduced with microbial fermentation, thus improving the nutrient content of the feed, enhancing animal appetites, and ultimately significantly improving the intestinal health and growth performance of animals. When oxidative stress occurs, fermented feed can effectively reduce the damage caused by stress to the gastrointestinal tract, accelerate the removal of gastrointestinal abnormalities, improve the ability to resist intestinal stress, and ensure the efficient production of animals. 
  • 254
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Typeperf
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others.
  • 815
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Type-I IFN Signaling
The interferon (IFN) family of cytokines is broadly classified into type I, II, and III. The IFN-I consists of 13 subtypes, including IFNα, β, κ, ε, ω, and τ, all of which bind to the interferon-alpha receptor complex (IFNAR), composed of the IFNARI and IFNARII chains.
  • 847
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia
Dementia is reported to be common in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes contributes to common molecular mechanisms and an underlying pathology with dementia. Brain cells becoming resistant to insulin leads to elevated blood glucose levels, impaired synaptic plasticity, microglial overactivation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, nutrient deprivation, TAU (Tubulin-Associated Unit) phosphorylation, and cholinergic dysfunction.
  • 810
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Type III Secretion System Inhibitors
Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria rely on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, for their pathogenicity. Genetic studies conducted in different host-microbe pathosystems often revealed a sophisticated regulatory mechanism of their T3SSs, suggesting that the expression of T3SS is tightly controlled and constantly monitored by bacteria in response to the ever-changing host environment. 
  • 895
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
  • 413
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Type II Topoisomerases
Type II topoisomerases are essential enzymes that modulate the topological state of DNA supercoiling in all living organisms. These enzymes alter DNA topology by performing double-stranded passage reactions on over- or underwound DNA substrates. This strand passage reaction generates a transient covalent enzyme–cleaved DNA structure known as the cleavage complex.
  • 417
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Type II Endometrial and Prostate Cancer
Precision oncology can be defined as molecular profiling of tumors to identify targetable alterations.
  • 206
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type I Photosensitizers Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality with precise controllability and high spatiotemporal accuracy in the field of diseases treatment. PDT mainly relies on the photosensitizers (PSs) to generate oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS), to play the therapeutic role. Type I photosensitizers, that undergo hydrogen atom abstraction or electron transfer manner and subsequently produce superoxide radical (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (OH•), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), etc., is showing more and more prominent advantages, particularly in hypoxic tissues, since type I PSs-involved PDT usually exhibit distinctive hypoxia tolerance. Regarding the diverse type I PSs, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active type I PSs are currently arousing great research interest owing to their distinguished aggregation-induced emission and aggregation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (AIE-ROS) features.
  • 599
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Type I Interferons in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, involving the skin, vessels, kidneys and central nervous system. The disease course is also unpredictable, with remissions and flares that lead to cumulative organ damage and mortality. The female to male incidence of SLE varies with age, being approximately 1 during the first decade of life and peaks at 9 during the 4th decade, afflicting women of childbearing age.
  • 488
  • 16 Mar 2022
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