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Topic Review
Value
In social sciences, value refers to a deeply held belief or principle that guides individuals' attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes. Values are subjective and culturally influenced, reflecting what individuals consider important, desirable, or morally significant in their lives and interactions with others. They serve as guiding principles that shape social norms, institutions, and collective identities within society.
  • 586
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Valuation
In finance, valuation is the process of determining the present value (PV) of an asset. In a business context, it is often the hypothetical price that a third party would pay for a given asset. Valuations can be done on assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as companies' shares and related rights, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents, data and trademarks) or on liabilities (e.g., bonds issued by a company). Valuations are needed for many reasons such as investment analysis, capital budgeting, merger and acquisition transactions, financial reporting, taxable events to determine the proper tax liability.
  • 499
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Valuable Protein and Peptides from Insects
Edible insects are abundant in protein content, encompassing all essential amino acids required for a balanced diet. This is a viable alternative protein source for feeding options to the expanding world population. It has significant potential for enhancing food security, offering a sustainable and environmentally conscious alternative to conventional protein sources.
  • 577
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Valuable Organic Acids
A ruminant-based carboxylate platform based on mixed or undefined anaerobic co-cultures of rumen microorganisms can convert the carbohydrate polymers in the lignocellulosic part of organic waste streams to carboxylic acids that can be upgraded to biofuels or green chemicals.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Valuable Biochemicals from Red Microalgae
Red microalgae represent a natural reservoir of beneficial substances with applications in different industrial sectors. They are rich in natural biomolecules known for their antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anticoagulant activities. Many red microalgae are a source of vitamins, minerals, photochemicals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a wide spectrum of polysaccharides. The content of their valuable compounds and their activities have turned red microalgae into cellular factories of special interest in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. 
  • 550
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
VALTOCO®
Valtoco® is a new FDA-approved nasal spray version of diazepam indicated for the treatment of acute, intermittent, and stereotypic episodes of frequent seizure activity in epilepsy patients six years of age and older. Although IV and rectal diazepam are already used to treat seizure clusters, Valtoco® has less variability in plasma concentration compared to rectal diazepam. Furthermore, the intranasal administration of Valtoco® is more convenient and less invasive than rectal or IV diazepam, making it ideal for self-administration outside of a hospital setting. Multiple clinical trials have taken place comparing Valtoco® to the oral, rectal, and IV forms of diazepam. Aside from mild nasal irritation and lacrimation, Valtoco® was found to have no increased safety risk in comparison to traditional forms of diazepam.
  • 820
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Valproic Acid in Pregnancy Revisited
Valproic acid (VPA) is a very effective anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer with relatively few side effects. Being an epigenetic modulator, it undergoes clinical trials for the treatment of advanced prostatic and breast cancer. However, in pregnancy, it seems to be the most teratogenic antiepileptic drug. Among the proven effects are congenital malformations in about 10%. The more common congenital malformations are neural tube defects, cardiac anomalies, urogenital malformations including hypospadias, skeletal malformations and orofacial clefts. These effects are dose related; daily doses below 600 mg have a limited teratogenic potential. VPA, when added to other anti-seizure medications, increases the malformations rate. It induces malformations even when taken for indications other than epilepsy, adding to the data that epilepsy is not responsible for the teratogenic effects.
  • 373
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Valorization of Non-Edible Oilseed Residues
The sustainable development of biodiesel and oleochemical industries requires optimal recycling and reuse strategies for all the generated residues and by-products. The main residues from non-edible oilseeds are either lignocellulosic materials, such as fruit shells, pods, hulls, branches, and leaves, generated before oil extraction or a protein-rich material, e.g., the press cake or de-oiled meal, generated after oil extraction. Both lignocellulosic- and protein-rich materials have huge economic potential. However, since using non-edible oils for biodiesel production is still emerging, the valorization of non-edible oilseed residues is still underdeveloped compared to that of edible oil production residues. The utilization potential of non-edible oilseed residues goes far beyond the traditional energetic approaches. Thermochemical, biochemical, physico-chemical, and chemical approaches provide different utilization routes. Thermochemical approaches, such as gasification and pyrolysis, result in syngas, biochar, and biooil, which can then be converted into advanced biofuels or serve as raw materials for the chemical industry. In the biochemical conversion approach, by either anaerobic digestion, sugar-platform processes, or solid-state fermentation, microorganisms convert the starting substrates into gaseous or liquid biofuels, enzymes, or other compounds.
  • 341
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Valorization of Grape by-products
The emergence of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria has limited the ability to treat bacterial infections, besides increasing their morbidity and mortality at the global scale. The need for alternative solutions to deal with this problem is urgent and has brought about a renewed interest in natural products as sources of potential antimicrobials. The wine industry is responsible for the production of vast amounts of waste and by-products, with associated environmental problems. These residues are rich in bioactive secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds. Some phenolics are bacteriostatic/bactericidal against several pathogenic bacteria and may have a synergistic action towards antibiotics, mitigating or reverting bacterial resistance to these drugs. Complex phenolic mixtures, such as those present in winemaking residues (pomace, skins, stalks, leaves, and especially seeds), are even more effective as antimicrobials and could be used in combined therapy, thereby contributing to management of the antibiotic resistance crisis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Valorization of Brewers’ Spent Grains
Brewers’ spent grains constitute a valuable byproduct of the beer industry. They are characterized by a rich nutritional composition consisting of around 70% lignocellulosic fibrous material, 20% proteins, 10% lipids, in addition to vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and phenolic compounds.
  • 948
  • 25 Feb 2022
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