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Topic Review
Vector Transmission of Plant Viruses
Vector transmission of plant viruses is basically of two types that depend on the virus helper component proteins or the capsid proteins. A number of plant viruses belonging to disparate groups have developed unusual capsid proteins providing for interactions with the vector.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vector Competency and Oxidative Stress in Arthropods
Blood-feeding arthropods, particularly ticks and mosquitoes are considered the most important vectors of arthropod-borne diseases affecting humans and animals. Vector competence (also termed vector potential) refers to the ability of arthropods to transmit pathogens, which is greatly influenced by the genetic and/or other intrinsic factors of arthropod vectors. Additionally, it is also governed by the factors exerted by hosts themselves during pathogen inoculation, development, and propagation in particular hosts. During an infection, ROS have pivotal roles in the triangular relationship among vectors, pathogens, and hosts and may influence the triad either positively or negatively. A pluripotent molecule isolated from the salivary glands of H. longicornis, called longistatin, plays a central role in the feeding and development of ticks  and has been elegantly shown to ameliorate cellular ROS production in human endothelial cells, making it a key molecule in the survival of hard ticks. On the other hand, the acquisition of pathogens into a vector also induces modification of the normal ROS production resulting in oxidative stress to arthropod cells, which ultimately is being utilized by hematophagous arthropods to eliminate invading pathogens.
  • 336
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Vector Beam with Longitudinally Varying Polarization during Propagation
The vector optical beam with longitudinally varying polarization during propagation in free space has attracted significant attention in recent years. Compared with traditional vector optical beams with inhomogeneous distribution of polarization in the transverse plane, manipulating the longitudinal distribution of polarization provides a new dimension for the expansion of the applications of vector optical beams in volume laser machining, longitudinal detection, and in vivo micromanipulation. 
  • 864
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
VDR Gene
Vitamin D receptor
  • 566
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
VDM-1
The Processor Technology VDM-1, for Video Display Module, was the first video card for S-100 bus computers. Created in 1975, it allows an S-100 machine to produce its own display, and when paired with a keyboard and their 3P+S card, it eliminates the need for a separate video terminal. Using a 7 x 9 dot matrix and ASCII characters, it produces a 64-column by 16-row text display. The VDM-1 is a complex card and was soon replaced by an increasing number of similar products from other companies. An early competitor was the Solid State Music VB-1, which offers an identical display from a much simpler card. Later cards using LSI chips have enough room to include the keyboard controller as well.
  • 7.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
VDAC1
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein, is an important regulator of mitochondrial function, and serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, with responsibility for cellular fate.
  • 967
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
VC Dimension
In Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory, the VC dimension (for Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension) is a measure of the capacity (complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a space of functions that can be learned by a statistical classification algorithm. It is defined as the cardinality of the largest set of points that the algorithm can shatter. It was originally defined by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis. Formally, the capacity of a classification model is related to how complicated it can be. For example, consider the thresholding of a high-degree polynomial: if the polynomial evaluates above zero, that point is classified as positive, otherwise as negative. A high-degree polynomial can be wiggly, so it can fit a given set of training points well. But one can expect that the classifier will make errors on other points, because it is too wiggly. Such a polynomial has a high capacity. A much simpler alternative is to threshold a linear function. This function may not fit the training set well, because it has a low capacity. This notion of capacity is made rigorous below.
  • 2.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
VBS1
VBS1 (Virtual Battlefield Systems 1) is a military simulator which relies heavily on modern game technology and is therefore generally referred to as a serious game. The platform is derived from the first-person entertainment game Operation Flashpoint and is developed by Bohemia Interactive Australia. The system enables the practice of small unit military tactics in an interactive multiplayer 3D environment. The platform provides real-time scenario management facilities, customized vehicles and equipment, user-definable mission scenarios, and variable environmental conditions. This combination of military simulator functionality and modern gaming technology proved to be a success and resulted in a broad military customer base. VBS2 is the successor of this platform.
  • 622
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
VAX-11
The VAX-11 is a discontinued family of superminicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). They were first announced in 1977, and were the first computers to implement the Virtual Address eXtension (VAX) instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAX-11 processors also supported the user mode PDP-11 instruction set for backwards compatibility (thus the -11 in VAX-11). They were discontinued in 1988, having been supplanted by the MicroVAX family on the low end, and the VAX 8000 family on the high end. It is historically one of the most successful and studied computers in history.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vav1 Promotes B-Cell Lymphoma Development
Vav1 is normally and exclusively expressed in the hematopoietic system where it functions as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), firmly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Mutations and overexpression of Vav1 in hematopoietic malignancies, and in human cancers of various histologic origins, are well documented. The research results suggest that overexpressing Vav1 in epithelial tissues induced chronic inflammatory reactions eventually leading to B-cell lymphomas development. The development of the lymphomas was accompanied by an increase in ERK phosphorylation, elevation of CSF- in the epithelial tissue, and an increase in CSF1-R expression in the lymphomas. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which Vav1 contributes to tumor propagation.
  • 624
  • 25 Mar 2022
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