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Topic Review
Solar Thermal Technology in Buildings
Buildings account for a significant proportion of total energy consumption. The integration of renewable energy sources is essential to reducing energy demand and achieve sustainable building design. The use of solar energy has great potential for promoting energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of energy consumption in buildings.
  • 213
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mangrove Swamp Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau
Rice (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima) is one of the most important staple foods on the Asian, African, and American continents. The rice crop grows primarily in the humid and seasonally dry tropics of the world, in most cases with irrigation or freshwater harvesting systems. The mangrove swamp rice production (MSRP) refers to rice cultivation in former mangrove soils that have been anthropogenically modified for rice production in west Africa.
  • 219
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Laccase
Enzymes play an important role in numerous natural processes and are increasingly being utilized as environmentally friendly substitutes and alternatives to many common catalysts. Both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and laccase are most often utilized for the formation of enzyme aggregates due to their ability to rapidly oxidize phenols, generating phenoxy radicals which undergo radical coupling to form biphenyl or phenyl ether linkages. 
  • 379
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Structural and Functional Arterial Properties
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia, is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Vascular aging (VA), which is defined as the progressive deterioration of arterial function and structure over a lifetime, is an independent predictor of both AF development and CV events. A timing identification and treatment of early VA has therefore the potential to reduce the risk of AF incidence and related CV events. 
  • 106
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Influence of Cross-Reactive T Cells in COVID-19
Memory T cells form from the adaptive immune response to historic infections or vaccinations. Some memory T cells have the potential to recognise unrelated pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and generate cross-reactive immune responses. Notably, such T cell cross-reactivity has been observed between SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. T cell cross-reactivity has also been observed between SARS-CoV-2 variants from unrelated microbes and unrelated vaccinations against influenza A, tuberculosis and measles, mumps and rubella. 
  • 68
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Plant Waste
Agro-industrial wastes are suitable as cost-effective sources of various health-promoting molecules at significant concentrations. lnvestigating new methods for converting them into high-value-added compounds is crucial for the sustainable development goals. 
  • 107
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Challenges in Agricultural Image Datasets and Filter Algorithms
Smart farming is facilitated by remote sensing because it allows for the inexpensive monitoring of crops, crop classification, stress detection yield forecasting using lightweight sensors over a wide area in a relatively short amount of time. Deep learning (DL)-based computer vision is one of the important aspects of the automatic detection and monitoring of plant stress. Challenges for DL algorithms in the agricultural dataset include size variation in objects, image resolution, background clutter, precise annotation with the expert, high object density or the demand for different spectral images.
  • 163
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Brazilian Cement Sector
The worldwide cement industry plays an important role in addressing the climate change challenge. Brazil’s cement industry currently has 91 cement plants with an installed production capacity of 94 million tons per year and has started to calculate the net CO2 emissions to achieve a carbon-neutral cement sector by 2050. Accordingly, the carbon dioxide uptake due to mortar and concrete carbonation is subtracted from the carbon dioxide emitted by the chemical reaction for the calcination of lime, i.e., the calcination process performed during clinker production.
  • 536
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Host Immune Responses to Trypanosomes
The mammalian host’s innate and adaptive immune systems are both key to successfully resisting or controlling trypanosomosis. When trypanosomes are inoculated into the mammalian hosts by a blood-feeding insect such as a tsetse fly, the first contact between the trypanosome and host occurs in the skin. Here, a chancre often develops at the dermal inoculation site. Intense innate immune reactions, cellular reactions, and edema formation accompany these chancres. Thereafter, parasites start to circulate through the blood or lymph, invading lymphatic tissues and various organs. There, the trypanosomes again encounter various innate immune components before being confronted with the adaptive immune system. Once entered into the circulation stage of infection, trypanosomes are going to encounter responses from macrophages and B cells, as well as the T helper compartment that links these two.
  • 126
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ruthenium(II)
The two Ru(III) and Ru(II) complexes, namely, BOLD-100 and RAPTA-C, are presently being studied in a clinical trial and preclinical studies evaluation, respectively, as anticancer agents. Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene (Ru-NHC) complexes show interesting properties in medicinal chemistry, exhibiting multiple biological activities, among them anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Among the newly synthesized complexes, RANHC-V and RANHC-VI are the most active against triple-negative human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231. These compounds were selective in vitro inhibitors of the human topoisomerase I activity and triggered cell death by apoptosis. Furthermore, the Ru-NHC complexes’ antimicrobial activity was studied against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, revealing that all the complexes possessed the best antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, at a concentration of 0,025 mg/mL. Finally, the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays, resulting in a higher ability for inhibiting the ABTS+, with respect to the well-known antioxidant Trolox. Thus, this work provides encouraging insights for further development of novel Ru-NHC complexes as potent chemotherapeutic agents endowed with multiple biological properties.
  • 252
  • 07 Mar 2024
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