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Topic Review
Kangxi Radical
The 214 Kangxi radicals (Chinese: 康熙部首; pinyin: Kāngxī bùshǒu), also known as the Zihui radicals, form a system of radicals (部首) of Chinese characters. The radicals are numbered in stroke count order. They are the most popular system of radicals for dictionaries that order Traditional Chinese characters (hanzi, hanja, kanji, chữ hán) by radical and stroke count. They are officially part of the Unicode encoding system for CJKV characters, in their standard order, under the coding block "Kangxi radicals", while their graphic variants are contained in the "CJK Radicals Supplement". Thus, a reference to "radical 61", for example, without additional context, refers to the 61st radical of the Kangxi Dictionary, 心; xīn "heart". Originally introduced in the 1615 Zihui (字彙), they are more commonly named in relation to the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 (Kāngxī 康熙 being the era name for 1662–1723). The 1915 encyclopedic word dictionary Ciyuan (辭源) also uses this system. In modern times, many dictionaries that list Traditional Chinese head characters continue to use this system. For example, the Wang Li Character Dictionary of Ancient Chinese (王力古漢語字典, 2000) adopted the Kangxi radicals system. The system of 214 Kangxi radicals is based on the older system of 540 radicals used in the Han-era Shuowen Jiezi. Since 2009, the PRC government has promoted a 201-radical system (Table of Han Character Radicals, 汉字部首表) as a national standard for Simplified Chinese (see list of Xinhua Zidian radicals).
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Atomic Commit
In the field of computer science, an atomic commit is an operation that applies a set of distinct changes as a single operation. If the changes are applied, then the atomic commit is said to have succeeded. If there is a failure before the atomic commit can be completed, then all of the changes completed in the atomic commit are reversed. This ensures that the system is always left in a consistent state. The other key property of isolation comes from their nature as atomic operations. Isolation ensures that only one atomic commit is processed at a time. The most common uses of atomic commits are in database systems and version control systems. The problem with atomic commits is that they require coordination between multiple systems. As computer networks are unreliable services, this means no algorithm can coordinate with all systems as proven in the Two Generals Problem. As databases become more and more distributed, this coordination will increase the difficulty of making truly atomic commits.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Samsung Knox
Samsung Knox is a proprietary security and management framework pre-installed on most Samsung mobile devices. Its primary purpose is to provide organizations with a toolset for managing work devices, such as employee mobile phones or interactive kiosks. Knox provides more granular control over the standard work profile to manage capabilities found only on Samsung devices. Knox's features fall within three categories: data security, device manageability, and VPN capability. Knox also provides web-based services for organizations to manage their devices. Organizations can customize their managed mobile devices by configuring various functions, including pre-loaded applications, settings, boot-up animations, home screens, and lock screens. As of December 2020, organizations can use specific Samsung mobile device cameras as barcode scanners, using Knox services to capture and analyze the data.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Security Challenges and Malware Attacks in the IoT
Malware is a major security threat to the IoT, and detecting unknown malware is one of the key challenges for two reasons. First, the limitations of IoT devices, such as their low power retention capability and low computational processing capability, represent a significant challenge when aiming to apply security solutions. Second, introducing new ways to connect networks, such as cloud services, opens the door to many security attacks, such as malware attacks. Furthermore, connecting new devices that were not part of traditional networks via these new connection methods, such as smart sensors, makes applying security measures more complex. For these reasons, traditional malware detection mechanisms are not suitable for the IoT environment.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
BBM
BBM, also known by its full name BlackBerry Messenger, was a proprietary mobile instant messenger and videotelephony application included on BlackBerry devices that allows messaging and voice calls between BlackBerry OS, BlackBerry 10, iOS, Android, and Windows Mobile users. The consumer edition for iOS and Android, BBM Consumer, was developed by Indonesian company Emtek under licence from BlackBerry Limited (formerly known as Research In Motion). The consumer edition for BlackBerry OS and BlackBerry 10, as well as the paid enterprise edition, called BBM Enterprise (BBMe, formerly known as BBM Protected), were developed fully by BlackBerry Limited and continue to function. BBM Consumer for Android and iOS was shut down on 31 May 2019, however the paid enterprise version of the software, BBMe, is still supported on these platforms. Messages sent via BBM were sent over the Internet and used the BlackBerry PIN system. In the past, many service providers allowed sign-in to BBM using a dedicated BlackBerry data plan. Exchanging messages was possible to a single person or via dedicated discussion or chat groups, which allowed multiple BlackBerry devices to communicate in a single session. In addition to offering text-based instant messages, BBM also allowed users to send pictures, voicenotes (audio recordings), files (up to 16 MB), share real time location on a map, stickers and a wide selection of emojis. Communication was possible only among BlackBerry devices, until late 2013 when BBM was released on iOS and Android systems. Over 300 million Stickers were shared. Daily, approximately 150,000 BBM Voice Calls were placed. There were more than 190 million BBM users worldwide as of 2015, and BlackBerry infrastructure handled 30 petabytes of data traffic each month by early 2013. BBM was the original "mobile-first" messaging service, and was popular for a while before it started to lose out to rivals. As of April 2016, Indonesia was the only country where BBM was the most popular messaging app – installed on 87.5% of Android devices in the country.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adversarial Attacks on Medical Imaging
One of the most important challenges in the computer vision (CV) area is Medical Image Analysis in which DL models process medical images—such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray, computed tomography (CT), etc.—using convolutional neural networks (CNN) for diagnosis or detection of several diseases. The proper function of these models can significantly upgrade the health systems. However, recent studies have shown that CNN models are vulnerable under adversarial attacks with imperceptible perturbations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Integrating MANET with the Internet
The Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices that forms a self-created, self-administered, and self-organized network. It is an infrastructureless network that does not require an existing infrastructure to operate. MANET suits scenarios where a temporary network is needed, such as emergency rescue, the military field, and disaster areas. MANET is an isolated network, and communication is restricted to the participating nodes’ transmission coverage. In order to increase its connectivity and its application scope, however, MANET requires integration with other networks, forming a hybrid MANET. The integration of MANET and IP networks raises many challenges and issues. Mobility management is one of the main challenges.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Literature
This is a list of encyclopedias as well as encyclopedic and biographical dictionaries published on the subject of literature in any language.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Hat Puzzle
Hat puzzles are logic problems that date back to as early as 1961. Such hat puzzles, frequently contextualized as prisoners and hats puzzles, are induction puzzles (a kind of logic puzzle) that involve reasoning about the actions of other people, drawing in aspects of Game theory sometimes called the hierarchy of beliefs. There are many variations, but the central theme remains the same. A number of players are each wearing a hat, which may be of various specified colours. Players can see the colours of at least some other players' hats, but not that of their own. With highly restricted communication or none, some of the players must guess the colour of their hat. The problem is to find a strategy for the players to determine the colours of their hats based on the hats they see and what the other players do. In some versions, they compete to be the first to guess correctly; in others, they can work out a strategy beforehand to cooperate and maximize the probability of correct guesses. One variation received some new publicity as a result of Todd Ebert's 1998 Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara. It is a strategy question about a cooperative game, which has connections to algebraic coding theory.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Video Toaster
The NewTek Video Toaster is a combination of hardware and software for the editing and production of NTSC standard-definition video. The plug-in expansion card initially worked with the Amiga 2000 computer and provides a number of BNC connectors on the exposed rear edge that provide connectivity to common analog video sources like VHS VCRs. The related software tools support video switching, chroma keying, character generation, animation, and image manipulation. Together, the hardware and software provided, for a few thousand U.S. dollars, a video editing suite that rivaled the output of contemporary (i.e. early 1990s) professional systems costing ten times as much. It allowed small studios to produce high-quality material and resulted in a cottage industry for video production not unlike the success of the Macintosh in the desktop publishing (DTP) market only a few years earlier. The Video Toaster won the Emmy Award for Technical Achievement in 1993. Other parts of the original software package were spun off as stand-alone products, notably LightWave 3D, and achieved success on their own. As the Amiga platform lost market share and Commodore International went bankrupt in 1994 as a result of declining sales, the Video Toaster was moved to the Microsoft Windows platform where it is still available. The company also produces what is essentially a portable pre-packaged version of the Video Toaster along with all the computer hardware needed, as the TriCaster. These became all-digital units in 2014, ending production of the analog Video Toaster line.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
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