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The 214 Kangxi radicals (Chinese: 康熙部首; pinyin: Kāngxī bùshǒu), also known as the Zihui radicals, form a system of radicals (部首) of Chinese characters. The radicals are numbered in stroke count order. They are the most popular system of radicals for dictionaries that order Traditional Chinese characters (hanzi, hanja, kanji, chữ hán) by radical and stroke count. They are officially part of the Unicode encoding system for CJKV characters, in their standard order, under the coding block "Kangxi radicals", while their graphic variants are contained in the "CJK Radicals Supplement". Thus, a reference to "radical 61", for example, without additional context, refers to the 61st radical of the Kangxi Dictionary, 心; xīn "heart". Originally introduced in the 1615 Zihui (字彙), they are more commonly named in relation to the Kangxi Dictionary of 1716 (Kāngxī 康熙 being the era name for 1662–1723). The 1915 encyclopedic word dictionary Ciyuan (辭源) also uses this system. In modern times, many dictionaries that list Traditional Chinese head characters continue to use this system. For example, the Wang Li Character Dictionary of Ancient Chinese (王力古漢語字典, 2000) adopted the Kangxi radicals system. The system of 214 Kangxi radicals is based on the older system of 540 radicals used in the Han-era Shuowen Jiezi. Since 2009, the PRC government has promoted a 201-radical system (Table of Han Character Radicals, 汉字部首表) as a national standard for Simplified Chinese (see list of Xinhua Zidian radicals).
stroke count
national standard
unicode
1. Statistics
The Kangxi dictionary lists a total of 47,035 characters divided among the 214 radicals, for an average of 220 characters per radical, but distribution is unequal, the median number of characters per radical being 64, with a maximum number of 1,902 characters (for radical 140 艸) and a minimum number of five (radical 138 艮). The radicals have between one and seventeen strokes, the median number of strokes being 5 while the average number of strokes is slightly below 5.7.
The ten radicals with the largest number of characters account for 10,665 characters (or 23% of the dictionary). The same ten radicals account for 7,141 out of 20,992 characters (34%) in the Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs block as introduced in 1992, as follows:
| Radical | Kangxi Dictionary | CJK Unified Ideographs |
|---|---|---|
| Radical 140 艸 "grass" | 1,902 characters | 981 characters (U+8278–864C) |
| Radical 85 水 "water" | 1,595 characters | 1,079 characters (U+6C34–706A) |
| Radical 75 木 "tree" | 1,369 characters | 1,016 characters (U+6728–6B1F) |
| Radical 64 手 "hand" | 1,203 characters | 740 characters (U+624B–652E) |
| Radical 30 口 "mouth" | 1,146 characters | 756 characters (U+53E3–56D6) |
| Radical 61 心 "heart" | 1,115 characters | 581 characters (U+5FC3–6207) |
| Radical 142 虫 "insect" | 1,067 characters | 469 characters (U+866B–883F) |
| Radical 118 竹 "bamboo" | 953 characters | 378 characters (U+7AF9–7C72) |
| Radical 149 言 "speech" | 861 characters | 567 characters (U+8A00–8C36) |
| Radical 120 糸 "silk" | 823 characters | 574 characters (U+7CF8–7F35) |
2. Modern Dictionaries
Modern Chinese dictionaries continue to use the Kangxi radical-stroke order, both in traditional zìdiǎn (字典, lit. "character/logograph dictionary") for written Chinese characters and modern cídiǎn (詞典 "word/phrase dictionary") for spoken expressions. The 214 Kangxi radicals act as a de facto standard, which may not be duplicated exactly in every Chinese dictionary, but which few dictionary compilers can afford to completely ignore. They also serve as the basis for many computer encoding systems, including Unihan. The number of radicals may be reduced in modern practical dictionaries, as some of the more obscure Kangxi radicals do not form any characters that remain in frequent use. Thus, the Oxford Concise English–Chinese Dictionary (ISBN:0-19-596457-8), for example, has 188 radicals. The Xinhua Zidian, a pocket-sized character dictionary containing about 13,000 characters, uses 189 radicals, later (10th ed.) increased to 201 to conform to a national standard (see List of Xinhua Zidian radicals). A few dictionaries also introduce new radicals, treating groups of radicals that are used together in many different characters as a kind of radical. For example, Hanyu Da Cidian, the most inclusive available Chinese dictionary (published in 1993) has 23,000 head character entries organised by a novel system of 200 radicals.
3. Table of Radicals
4. Unicode
The Unicode standard encoded 20,992 characters in version 1.0.1 (1992) in the CJK Unified Ideographs block (U+4E00–9FFF). This standard followed the Kangxi order of radicals (radical 1 at U+4E00, radical 214 at U+9FA0) but did not encode all characters found in the Kangxi dictionary. Individual characters were listed based on their Kangxi radical and number of additional strokes, e.g. U+5382 厂, the unaugmented radical 27 meaning "cliff" is listed under "27.0", while U+5383 to U+5386 are listed under "27.2" as they all consist of radical 27 plus two additional strokes. More characters were added in later versions, adding "CJK Unified Ideographs Extensions" A, B, C, D, E and F as of Unicode 12.1 (2019) with further additions planned for Unicode 13.0. Within each "Extension", characters are also ordered by Kangxi radical and additional strokes. The Unicode Consortium maintains the "Unihan Database", with a Radical-Stroke-Index. The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository provides no official collation (sort order) rule for Unicode CJK characters (short of sorting characters by code point);[2] such collation rules as there are language-specific (such as JIS X 0208 for Japanese kanji) and do not include any of the CJK Unified Ideographs Extension characters.
4.1. Kangxi Radicals Block
In Unicode version 3.0 (1999), a separate Kangxi Radicals block was introduced which encodes the 214 radicals in sequence, at U+2F00–2FD5. These are specific code points intended to represent the radical qua radical, as opposed to the character consisting of the unaugmented radical; thus, U+2F00 represents radical 1 while U+4E00 represents the character yī meaning "one". In addition, the CJK Radicals Supplement block (2E80–2EFF) was introduced, encoding alternative (often positional) forms taken by Kangxi radicals as they appear within specific characters. For example, ⺁ "CJK RADICAL CLIFF" (U+2E81) is a variant of ⼚ radical 27 (U+2F1A), itself identical in shape to the character consisting of unaugmented radical 27, 厂 "cliff" (U+5382).
4.2. History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Kangxi Radicals block:
References
- "Kangxi radical-stroke order" (in zh). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw/advExplain2.do?big5=ADEC. ;
- Ken Whistler, Markus Scherer, Unicode Collation Algorithm, Unicode Technical Standard #10, version 7.0.0 (2014). https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr10/#Implicit_Weights
- Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names
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