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Topic Review
Hydrological Droughts
Hydrological droughts may be referred to as sustained and regionally extensive water shortages as reflected in streamflows that are noticeable and gauged worldwide. The analysis of hydrological droughts is largely conducted using the truncation level approach to represent the desired demand level of water equivalent to the median, mean, or any other flow quantile of an annual, monthly, or weekly flow sequence.
  • 79
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Spatial Planning and Energy Efficiency in Urban Form
As the urban population grows, so does their energy consumption, making efficiency critical to mitigate emissions and resource use. Thus, spatial and transport planning must include energy efficiency and their strategies, as these are vital to urban sustainability. In this sense, compactness has been shown to have many positive aspects that serendipitously go much in line with Jacobs’ ideas. The urban environment is expected to host a growing number of dwellers in the coming decades, and compact urbanism is one possible solution to keep energy consumption under control while providing all the benefits of proximity.
  • 122
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lifetime Assessment Models for Coastal Reinforced Concrete Structures
Modern engineering faces challenges in ensuring technical standards for service, durability, and sustainability. Political, administrative, and budgetary factors, coupled with climate change, pose tasks to structural integrity, affecting industries and economies. Marine infrastructures represent a strategic asset of a country as they handle a large part of the economic exchanges.
  • 78
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Automated Visual Inspection
This article evaluates the state of the art of deep-learning-based automated visual inspection in manufacturing and maintenance applications and contrasts it to academic research in the field of computer vision. By doing so itidentifies to what extent computer vision innovations are already being used and which potential improvements could be realized by further transferring promising concepts. Existing work is either focused on specific industry sectors or methodologies but not on industrial VI as a whole or is outdated by almost two decades. We surveyed 196 open access publications from 2010 to March 2023 from the fields of manufacturing and maintenance with no restriction regarding industries. Our main findings were: The vast majority of publications utilize supervised learning approaches on relatively small datasets with convolutional neural networks. The timegap between publication of new approaches in deep learning-based computer vision and its first application in industrial visual inspection is approximately three years First vision transformer models emerge in 2022 and seem to outperform established models but their excellent self-supervised learning capabilities are not explored to date
  • 98
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
European Smart Mobility–Aspects Connected with Bike Road System
Smart mobility refers to the use of technology and data to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and accessibility of transportation systems. It encompasses a wide range of transportation modes, including cars, bikes, buses, trains, and more.
  • 60
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Risk Management of Subway Shield and Text Mining
Among the construction methods for subway projects, shield method construction technology has become a more widely used construction method for urban subway construction due to the advantages of a high degree of construction mechanization, low impact of the construction process on the environment, and strong adaptability of the shield machine to the stratum, etc. However, because of the complexity of the surrounding buildings (structures) in the subway construction, coupled with the diversity of the subway shield method construction activities and the uncertainties in the construction environment, to a certain extent, it is determined that the subway construction process is very complicated.
  • 85
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sensors in Civil Engineering
The vital role of civil engineering is to enable the development of modern cities and establish foundations for smart and sustainable urban environments of the future. Quantum sensors with unprecedented measurement sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness unveil novel capabilities for city planners and decision-makers to cope with the multifaceted challenges of future cities. Being one of the first-in-the-field studies advocating for adopting quantum sensors across four primary domains of civil engineering, the basis for the discourse about the scope and timeline for the beginning of the quantum transformation of civil engineering was established.
  • 122
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Quality in Construction
Achieving a high level of quality in a residential building, characterized by the highest level of performance features, is crucial for the client and all participants in the investment process. The identification of negative factors that occur in the investment process, and the assessment of their impact on the quality of the facility, provide important knowledge that gives the basis for controlling the course of the process.
  • 158
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is defined as a type of concrete that exhibits compressive strength greater than 120 MPa, a nominal maximum aggregate size of less than 5 mm, and flowability between 200 mm and 250 mm. UHPC exhibits a tensile strength greater than 5 MPa. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), USA, UHPC is characterized by the use of a combination of Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials, an optimised gradation of granular materials, a high volume of discontinuous internal fibres, and a low water-to-cementitious materials ratio of less than 0.25. The microstructure of UHPC is characterized irregular pores, which control liquid evaporation and enhance durability in comparison to conventional and high-performance concretes.
  • 103
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Optimization Examples for Water Allocation, Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Costs
The field of Water Resources Management (WRM) is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, realizing its direct connections with energy, food, and social and economic sciences, among others. Computationally, this leads to more complex models, wherein the achievement of multiple goals is sought. Optimization processes have found various applications in such complex WRM problems. This entry considers the main factors involved in modern WRM, and puts them in a single optimization problem, including water allocation from different sources to different uses and non-renewable and renewable energy supplies, with their associated carbon emissions and costs. The entry explores the problem mathematically by presenting different optimization approaches, such as linear, fuzzy, dynamic, goal, and non-linear programming models. Furthermore, codes for each model are provided in Python, an open-source language. This entry has an educational character, and the examples presented are easily reproducible, so this is expected to be a useful resource for students, modelers, researchers, and water managers.
  • 76
  • 08 Feb 2024
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