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Topic Review
Gas Turbines to the Hydrogen Energy Move
Land-based gas turbines (GTs) are continuous-flow engines that run with permanent flames once started and at stationary pressure, temperature, and flows at stabilized load. Combustors operate without any moving parts and their substantial air excess enables complete combustion. These features provide significant space for designing efficient and versatile combustion systems. In particular, as heavy-duty gas turbines have moderate compression ratios and ample stall margins, they can burn not only high- and medium-BTU fuels but also low-BTU ones. Hydrogen is an energy carrier and not a primary energy as there are very scarce natural sources thereof; the rare reservoirs of hydrogen originate from chemical reactions inside the earth crust and are sometimes referred to as “natural H2”or “white H2”.
  • 797
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Musical Instruments Made of Composites and Alternative Materials
The evolution of musical instrument manufacturing has been a dynamic process, with traditional materials such as wood playing a predominant role for centuries. However, the need for innovation in the musical industry has driven researchers and manufacturers to explore alternative materials that offer enhanced performance, sustainability, and versatility. The demand for different materials arises from various challenges faced by the musical instruments industry, including the lack of high-quality tonewoods, the significant variations in both mechanical and acoustical properties of wood internally within a single piece or across the same species, environmental concerns, and the quest for achieving specific acoustic properties. Composite materials, such as carbon- and graphite fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs and GFRPs), ceramic polymers, and nanocomposites, constitute promising alternatives that not only address these challenges, but also offer unique advantages in terms of durability, weight reduction, and customizable acoustic characteristics. 
  • 432
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Integration of Nanomaterials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems
The solar collector is one of the most cost-effective pieces of equipment used to harvest solar thermal energy. Two main types can be identified: (1) water-based solar collectors (WSCs), an already popular solution for preparing domestic hot water and heating, and (2) air solar collectors (ASCs), used to preheat fresh air and to dry or heat the air inside a room. Thermal energy storage applied to thermal energy storage (TSC) is studied in terms of design criteria, materials technologies, and  thermal conductivity. The potential of nanomaterial technology integration in phase change materials (PCMs) in terms of thermal performance improvements is higligted. The integration of diverse materials such as graphene, graphite, metal oxides, and carbon nanoparticles holds the potential to significantly enhance the thermal conductivity and latent heat value. However, some important aspects need to be further investigated as the highest possible percentage of nanomaterial in the mixture in order to avoid agglomeration.
  • 166
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Causes of Asphalt Pavement Blistering
No theoretical model effectively explains the blistering process, which provokes functional distress in asphalt pavements worldwide. Over the years, it has been possible to observe blistering on many asphalt pavements, collect information related to the specific contexts of its occurrence, and formulate hypotheses on the potential causes.
  • 211
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Structural Health Monitoring of Solid Rocket Motors
In the realm of space exploration, solid rocket motors (SRMs) play a pivotal role due to their reliability and high thrust-to-weight ratio. Serving as boosters in space launch vehicles and employed in military systems, and other critical & emerging applications, SRMs’ structural integrity monitoring, is of paramount importance. Traditional maintenance approaches often prove inefficient, leading to either unnecessary interventions or unexpected failures. Condition-based maintenance (CBM) emerges as a transformative strategy, incorporating advanced sensing technologies and predictive analytics. By continuously monitoring crucial parameters such as temperature, pressure, and strain, CBM enables real-time analysis, ensuring timely intervention upon detecting anomalies, thereby optimizing SRM lifecycle management. Particularly, photonic sensors and fiber-optic sensors, demonstrate exceptional promise in CBM goals. Their enhanced sensitivity and broad measurement range allow for capturing subtle changes indicative of degradation or potential failures. These sensors enable comprehensive, non-intrusive monitoring of multiple SRM locations simultaneously. Integrated with data analytics, these sensors empower predictive analysis, facilitating SRM behavior prediction and optimal maintenance planning. Ultimately, CBM, bolstered by advanced photonic sensors, promises enhanced operational availability, reduced costs, improved safety, and efficient resource allocation in SRM applications.
  • 127
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Latest Existing Schemes on Data Aggregation
The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened the way for transformative advances in numerous fields, including healthcare. IoT-based healthcare systems provide unprecedented opportunities to gather patients’ real-time data and make appropriate decisions at the right time. 
  • 149
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Supply Chain Management Barriers
Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) integrates economic, social, and environmental goals within the supply chain to enhance long-term performance. It assists organizations in monitoring their performance concerning social, environmental, and economic factors to bolster sustainability.
  • 139
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ultrasound Image Analysis with Vision Transformers
Ultrasound (US) has become a widely used imaging modality in clinical practice, characterized by its rapidly evolving technology, advantages, and unique challenges, such as a low imaging quality and high variability. There is a need to develop advanced automatic US image analysis methods to enhance its diagnostic accuracy and objectivity. Vision transformers, a recent innovation in machine learning, have demonstrated significant potential in various research fields, including general image analysis and computer vision, due to their capacity to process large datasets and learn complex patterns. Their suitability for automatic US image analysis tasks, such as classification, detection, and segmentation, has been recognized. 
  • 202
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Multilevel Inverters in  Battery Electric Vehicles
All electric vehicles are the only way to decarbonize transport quickly and substantially. Although multilevel inverters have already been used in some transportation modes, they are rarely used in road transportation, especially in light-duty passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs). With the transition to a high 800-V DC link to extend the driving range and enable extreme fast charging, the possibility of using multilevel inverters in commercial light-duty passenger BEVs becomes feasible. Higher efficiency, higher power density, better waveform quality, lower switching frequency, the possibility of using low-rated switches, and inherent fault tolerance are known advantages of multilevel inverters that make them an efficient option for replacing 2-level inverters in high DC link passenger BEVs.
  • 775
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Structural Supercapacitors
Structural supercapacitors (SSCs) are multifunctional energy storage composites (MESCs) that combine the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers and the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors to reduce the overall mass in lightweight applications with electrical energy consumption. These novel MESCs have huge potentials, and their properties have improved dramatically since their introduction in the early 2000’s. However, the current properties of SSCs are not sufficient for complete energy supply of electrically driven devices. 
  • 282
  • 12 Mar 2024
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