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Topic Review
Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids and PCMs
Nanofluids can enhance the thermal conductivity of the base fluids by up to 100%. In addition, it was also reported that the simultaneous use of PCMs and nanofluids enhances the overall, thermal, and electrical efficiencies of solar thermal energy storage systems and photovoltaic-nano-enhanced PCM systems. The capability of storing substantial quantities of latent energy of between 100 MJ/m3 and 250 MJ/m3 and energy densities of from 150 MJ/m3 to 430 MJ/m3 for organic and inorganic PCMs, respectively, makes them very promising alternatives for thermal energy storage purposes. 
  • 261
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Orbital Angular Momentum Light from Azopolymer Thin Films
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding is a promising technique to boost data transmission capacity in optical communications. Azobenzene films have gained attention as a versatile tool for creating and altering OAM-carrying beams. Unique features of azobenzene films make it possible to control molecular alignment through light-induced isomerization about the azo bond. This feature enables the fabrication of diffractive optical devices such as spiral phase plates and holograms by accurately imprinting a phase profile on the incident light. By forming azobenzene sheets into diffractive optical elements, such as spiral phase plates, one can selectively create OAM-carrying beams. Due to the helical wavefront and phase variation shown by these beams, multiple distinct channels can be encoded within a single optical beam. This can significantly increase the data transmission capacity of optical communication systems with this OAM multiplexing technique. Additionally, holographic optical components made from azobenzene films can be used to build and reconstruct intricate wavefronts. It is possible to create OAM-based holograms by imprinting holographic designs on azobenzene films, which makes it simpler to control and shape optical beams for specific communication requirements. In addition, azobenzene-based materials can then be suitable for integration into optical communication devices because of their reconfigurability, compactness, and infrastructure compatibility, which are the main future perspectives for achieving OAM-based technologies for the next generation, among other factors.
  • 228
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Wind Turbines Operating under Hazard Environmental Conditions
Renewable energy use has accelerated due to global warming, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and stricter environmental regulations. Among renewable options, solar and wind energy have shown economic viability and global growth. Horizontal axis wind turbines offer promising solutions for sustainable energy demand. Since wind turbines operate in an open environment, their efficiency depends on environmental conditions. Hazard environmental conditions, such as icing, rainfall, hailstorms, dust or sand, insects’ collisions, increased humidity, and sea spray, result in degraded aerodynamic characteristics.
  • 149
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Performance of Unreinforced Masonry Walls in Compression
Unreinforced masonry (URM) is a construction of brick or concrete block unit that is joined together using mortar, without steel reinforcement. Because of the heterogeneous nature and difference in mechanical properties of the masonry elements, analyzing and capturing the structural behaviour of URM walls under various loading conditions is therefore complex. 
  • 443
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Produced Water Sustainability in Oil and Gas Sector
Oilfield produced water (PW) is the industry’s principal source of waste byproducts. Oil-producing countries, especially those with limited water resources, face significant difficulty in treating PW for recovery and reuse. Depending on its quality and content, PW can be treated using a variety of technologies. Numerous nations are currently undertaking substantial endeavors to ascertain efficacious and cost-effective treatment methodologies in order to rehabilitate their freshwater supplies. The compositions of pollutants play a major role in the selection of acceptable methods. According to the degree of contamination and the requirement for water quality, several treatment strategies can, therefore, be used. To successfully remove pollutants and/or lessen their detrimental effects on the environment, methods comprising physical, chemical, biological, and membrane treatments have been applied.
  • 471
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twin Technology in Data Center Simulations
Mining activities often deem mine sites as temporary, leading to their eventual reclamation, rehabilitation, or abandonment. The abandoned mine sites can be reimagined as strategic assets, thus providing economic benefits while adhering to critical data center infrastructure standards.
  • 161
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
NanoBubble-Mediated Oxygenation for Hypoxic Pathologies
Nanobubbles also known as ultra-fine bubbles or sub-micron bubbles, are extremely small gas-filled spherical bodies enclosed by an interface (gas–liquid or gas–solid) with a diameter of less than 1000 nm (i.e., ranging in size from tens to hundreds of nanometers in diameter). In other words, nanobubbles are composed of gas, such as oxygen or nitrogen, encapsulated within a liquid, typically water, and stabilized by a thin layer of molecules at the gas–liquid interface.
  • 615
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in the Construction Sector
Advanced nanomaterials (NMs) have been widely used in several sectors, from medicine to electronics, aerospace, biotechnology, textiles, agriculture, and, most importantly, in the construction sector. Over the past two decades, the application of nanostructured materials in construction, such as concrete, paint, coatings, glass, renders, plasters, thermal insulation, steel, and even sensors, has become increasingly prevalent. However, previous studies and reports have raised concerns about the ecotoxicity and long-term impact of nanomaterials on human health and the environment. National and international legislation and regulations are struggling to keep up with the rapid development of nanomaterials, taking into account their unique characteristics and essential requirements for application and commercialization. This ressearch, based on existing standards for conventional materials and bibliometric networks of papers focused on nanomaterials, conducts a critical review and proposes relevant indicators for the application of nanomaterials in the construction sector. These indicators should be mandatory and are divided into environmental, human health, and economic perspectives, providing a risk assessment framework for applying nanomaterial-based constructive solutions oriented to environmental, social, and economic sustainability.
  • 150
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Advanced Supercritical CO2 Thermodynamic Power Cycles
CO2 is a natural, non-toxic and non-flammable working fluid that possesses excellent thermophysical properties, including higher density, latent heat, specific heat, thermal conductivity and volumetric cooling capacity, along with lower viscosity.
  • 174
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Enabled Silicon-Based High-Speed Optoelectronic Devices
Silicon (Si) photonics has emerged as a prominent technology for meeting the escalating requirements of high-speed data transmission in optical communication systems. These systems need to be compact, energy-efficient, and capable of handling large amounts of data, driven by the advent of next-generation communication devices.
  • 384
  • 04 Dec 2023
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