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Topic Review
Definition of Autonomous Cycles for the Agroindustrial Sector
One of the great current challenges of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is to dynamically innovate to improve their supply of goods, products, and services in order to respond to the changing needs of the market. In particular, several studies have concluded that investment in innovation has a high impact on the competitiveness of organizations, which can lead to the introduction of new products and processes. Thus, innovation is a means for companies to adapt to remain in the market, considering available resources.
  • 153
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Guideline for the Decommissioning/Abandonment of Subsea Pipelines
The operating lifespan of pipelines is limited, defined by their specific design codes and specifications, with the economic justification for this being determined primarily by the pipeline owner. During its operational lifespan, a pipeline’s integrity is affected mainly by the quality of the hydrocarbons being transported. The integrity of a pipeline can be maintained with regular inspections and maintenance/cleaning programmes followed from installation to commissioning. As production matures and declines, operators face several decisions concerning the pipeline’s future. There are several potential scenarios, and each should be assessed on a case-by-case basis for any specific pipeline in question. The industry best practices outline the minimum requirements for the safe decommissioning of pipelines. 
  • 283
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biological Processes for Dairy Wastewater Treatment
Dairy wastewater (DWW) has a high fat content along with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), which makes it problematic to dispose of. Biological treatment processes have shown great success in the remediation of this water. However, these are not without their shortfalls. A variety of biological processes have been listed here as well as suggestions to improve their effectiveness. To improve the treatment efficiency, there are two main lines of thinking: First, to optimise the process through the manipulation of the physical parameters of the systems (e.g., temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), agitation, etc.). Second, to add either pre-treatment or post-treatment processes to the main process to increase the effectiveness of the entire process overall.
  • 152
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Navigating the Critical Landscape of Today’s Energy Challenges
Today’s energy challenges are multifaceted. The green transition involves concrete actions related to increasing energy efficiency, replacing fossil fuels with alternative fuels, producing energy using renewable resources, creating various means of transport that use electric motors, identifying technical solutions that generate an increased energy yield in the case of buildings, and waste reduction, reuse and recycling. In order to attain a climate-neutral environment, it is mandatory to impose regulations, measures and actions to help decarbonize the energy sector. Concretely, the transition to climate neutrality will generate obvious advantages at an economic, social and technological level, for example, the opportunity for economic growth, new business models and new markets, and the generation of new jobs or technological development.
  • 183
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Topology and Symmetry Analysis of Power Converters
Power converters can convert the electrical energy output by power source into specific forms required by target device. They are widely used in various fields such as electrification, transportation, and power systems, and are the core components of the systems. “Symmetry” means “the quality of being very similar or equal” or “the exact match in size and shape between two halves, parts or sides of something”. Symmetry is an important attribute of power converters. Whether it is a two-level, three-level, or multi-level converter, they all have a certain symmetry in structure， which is referred to as "Topological Symmetry of Power converters". This topological symmetry means that the voltage/current output from each phase of the converter are also symmetrical, with only a specific phase angle difference. Studying this symmetry is helpful for the design, operation analysis, and fault diagnosis of power converters.
  • 331
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Internet of Things-Based Control of Induction Machines
The Internet of Things (IoT) is introduced in systems with electrical machines, such as in electric drive systems, wind energy generating systems, and small and special machines, to remote monitor and control the operation for data acquisition and analysis. These systems can integrate with the equipment and retrofit the existing installations. At the end of the control loops there are always motors, or actuators, of big or small ratings, of rotating or linear movements, electrical or nonelectrical, which must produce the motion. With the IoT-based control of induction machine systems operators can remotely monitor parameters and obtain accurate real-time feedback during fast changing duty cycle operation. Thus, IoT creates multipurpose instruments in the remote control of induction machines. 
  • 272
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Supervised Learning Approaches for Mobile Robot Control
Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that has been developing at a dynamic pace in recent years. ML is also linked with Big Data, which are huge datasets that need special tools and approaches to process them. ML algorithms make use of data to learn how to perform specific tasks or make appropriate decisions. ML approaches that have been applied to the task of mobile robot control are divided into the following: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The supervised learning methods are grouped into two main categories of regression and classification.
  • 144
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Building Energy Management
Machine learning (ML) algorithms are now part of everyday life, as many technological devices use these algorithms. Machine learning (ML) is now used in many industrial and scientific fields, from aerospace to marketing and advertising. In the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, ML models and algorithms can be applied to building automation systems (BASs) and building digital twins (BDT) to improve building energy efficiency and flexibility by making use of widely available building operational data. Such systems can automate building management, reducing global consumption of primary resources (i.e., energy and water), increasing indoor comfort, increasing structural safety, and reducing the need for building maintenance. 
  • 171
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sensors in Civil Engineering
The vital role of civil engineering is to enable the development of modern cities and establish foundations for smart and sustainable urban environments of the future. Quantum sensors with unprecedented measurement sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness unveil novel capabilities for city planners and decision-makers to cope with the multifaceted challenges of future cities. Being one of the first-in-the-field studies advocating for adopting quantum sensors across four primary domains of civil engineering, the basis for the discourse about the scope and timeline for the beginning of the quantum transformation of civil engineering was established.
  • 395
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lung-Digital Twin
Early diagnosis of lung pathologies is crucial for improving patient prognosis. So far, chest X-rays are one of the most common imaging modalities used for diagnosing lung pathologies. However, diagnosing lung pathologies based on chest X-rays alone can be challenging and subjective, especially for diseases with similar symptoms.
  • 124
  • 18 Feb 2024
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