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Topic Review
Paramaeters that Affect Biomass Gasification
Gasification is a thermochemical process commonly used for bioenergy production, and it is particularly attractive mainly due to its high efficiency. However, its performance is influenced by parameters such as type of feedstock, size of biomass particle, feed rate, type of reactor, temperature, pressure, equivalence ratio, steam to biomass ratio, gasification agent, catalyst, and residence time.
  • 710
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Residential EV Charging Stations based on Renewable Energy
Charging electric vehicles (EVs) is of great concern both for future vehicle owners and grid operators, with charging at home being the preferred solution by 90% of owners. In addition, the supplied electricity needs to be clean in order to reduce emissions. 
  • 293
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Satellite Navigation Signal Authentication Principles and Technical Architecture
As the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is widely used in all walks of life, the signal structure of satellite navigation is open, and the vulnerability to spoofing attacks is also becoming increasingly prominent, which will seriously affect the credibility of navigation, positioning, and timing (PNT) services. Satellite navigation signal authentication technology is an emerging technical means of improving civil signal anti-spoofing on the satellite navigation system side, and it is also an important development direction and research focus of the GNSS. 
  • 940
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Heat Exchanger Design Methods
Finned tube heat exchangers are used in many technological applications in both civil and industrial sectors. Their large-scale use requires a design aimed at reaching high thermal efficiency as well as avoiding unnecessary waste of resources in terms of time and costs. Multi-scale methods are very flexible and suitable for different heat exchanger geometries and working conditions because they integrate analytical methods’ benefits with more accurate numerical approaches. The hybrid method is an alternative design procedure based on an algorithm that uses a multi-scale method, based on data from either analytical, numerical, or experimental investigations.
  • 744
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bird Deterrent Solutions for Crop Protection
Weeds, pathogens, and animal pests are among the pests that pose a threat to the productivity of crops meant for human consumption. Bird-caused crop losses pose a serious and costly challenge for farmers. 
  • 507
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metal Materials Used in Selective Laser Melting Equipment
SLM (Selective Laser Melting) is a unique additive manufacturing technology which plays an irreplaceable role in the modern industrial revolution. 3D printers can directly process metal powder quickly to obtain the necessary parts faster. Shortly, it will be possible to manufacture products at unparalleled speeds. Advanced manufacturing technology is used to produce durable and efficient parts with different metals that have good metal structure performance and excellent metal thermal performance, to lead the way for laser powder printing technology. Traditional creative ways are usually limited by time, and cannot respond to customers’ needs fast enough; for some parts with high precision and complexity, conventional manufacturing methods are inadequate. Contrary to this, SLM technology offers some advantages, such as requiring no molds this decreases production time and helps to reduce costs. In addition, SLM technology has strong comprehensive functions, which can reduce assembly time and improve material utilization. Parts with complex structures, such as cavities and three-dimensional grids, can be made without restricting the shape of products. Products or parts can be printed quickly without the use of expensive production equipment. The product quality is better, and the mechanical load performance is comparable to traditional production technologies (such as forging). Although the development of SLM has gradually accelerated and is becoming commercialized, there are still few available metal materials.
  • 378
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thin Film Nanocomposite Forward Osmosis Membranes
Forward osmosis (FO) is a low-energy treatment process driven by osmosis to induce the separation of water from dissolved solutes/foulants through the membrane in hydraulic pressure absence while retaining all of these materials on the other side. 
  • 476
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is a key component of the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) that has received increased attention over the last three decades. Metal additive manufacturing is broadly classified into two types: melting-based additive manufacturing and solid-state additive manufacturing. Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a subset of solid-state additive manufacturing that produces big area multi-layered components through plate addition fashion using the friction stir welding (FSW) concept.
  • 743
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment
The water resource crisis and concerns with environmental pollution prompt the necessity to upgrade conventional wastewater treatment processes. The microalgae-based wastewater treatment process has shown many advantages that can fulfill the stricter demands for improved wastewater treatment. Microalgae cultivation can be carried out in different photobioreactors and under different operational conditions. The cultivation of the microalgae biomass provides the bioremediation of some targeted pollutants through uptake/digestion or biosorption, resulting in treated effluent and the production of biomass.
  • 628
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Condensation Frosting
Icing in the form of condensation frosting occurs ubiquitously in our daily life and numerous industrial applications. As the frost layer mostly comprises mixed microscopic dendrites and discrete air-pockets, condensation frosting manifests a thick porous media and thus catastrophically compromises the heat transfer efficiency of HVAC systems. Despite being a popular research topic for centuries, a few unprecedented advances in the study of condensation frosting have been only achieved very recently, such as the revealing of new features in the incipient stages of frost formation which used to be too fast or too small to capture, and new anti-/de- frosting techniques developed based on the revealed physics. 
  • 387
  • 10 Apr 2023
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