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Topic Review
Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient’s own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges.
  • 196
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Forward Head Posture and Biofeedback
Forward Head Posture (FHP) is when the head leans forward due to factors such as heavy backpacks or poor computer ergonomics. FHP can lead to neck strain and discomfort as well as potential long-term issues such as arthritis. Treatment options include specialized exercises, orthopedic devices, manual therapy, physical exercises, and visual feedback techniques, along with guidance from specialists in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In this study, a visual feedback-based approach was used to address FHP in female students. 
  • 189
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Operation Optimization of Complex Industrial Processes
The operation optimization of complex industrial processes is a dynamic multi-objective optimization problem. These problems cover industrial areas such as steel, chemicals, and energy. Specifically, they address operation optimization problems under uncertain environments in production processes, with production metrics as the optimization objectives and controllable variables as the decision variables. They consider changing factors in production processes, operational metrics, and constraints on production metrics, establishing dynamic models for solving these problems. Unlike static models, these objectives and constraints change over time, similar to how the Pareto set (PS) and Pareto front (PF) in dynamic multi-objective optimization problems (DMOPs) can change over time. 
  • 169
  • 28 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Digital Twin Definitions and Categories
During the course of its rapid expansion into various fields of application, many definitions of the Digital Twin emerged, tailored to its respective applications. Taxonomies can cluster the diversity and define application-specific archetypes. 
  • 135
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bioethanol Processing
The liquid biofuel bioethanol is extensively produced worldwide through the fermentation of sugars obtained from various raw materials, including lignocellulosic biomass, an abundant renewable resource. Due to its recalcitrant nature, lignocellulosic materials typically is pretreated using mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, or biological methods to enhance sugar recovery. The pretreated lignocellulosic biomass then undergoes a fermentation process, either sequentially or simultaneously with saccharification, resulting in the biofuel called second-generation ethanol. The ethanol yield is influenced by various fermentation strategies and conditions, such as inoculum concentration, medium agitation, temperature, and pH.
  • 97
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tissue Nanotransfection Chips for In Vivo Tissue Reprogramming
Tissue nanotransfection (TNT), a cutting-edge technique of in vivo gene therapy, has gained substantial attention in various applications ranging from in vivo tissue reprogramming in regenerative medicine, and wound healing to cancer treatment. This technique harnesses the advancements in the semiconductor processes, facilitating the integration of conventional transdermal gene delivery methods—nanoelectroporation and microneedle technologies. TNT silicon chips have demonstrated considerable promise in reprogramming fibroblast cells of skin in vivo into vascular or neural cells in preclinical studies to assist in the recovery of injured limbs and damaged brain tissue.
  • 149
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Climate Change Dynamics and Energy Consumption in UAE
The implications of climate change on building energy use may be both short-term and long-term. The short-term impacts involve extreme environmental calamities, while the long-term impacts include rising sea levels due to outdoor temperature increases.
  • 128
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Wingtip Vortices: An Extensive Review
Wingtip vortices generated from aircraft wingtips, as a result of the pressure differential at the wingtip, constitute a major component of the total drag force, especially during take-off and landing. In addition to the drag issue, these vortices also pose a significant hazard to smaller aircraft flying in the wake of the larger airplane. The wingtip vortices play a crucial role in aerodynamic efficiency, fuel consumption, flight range, and aircraft stability. 
  • 147
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Intelligent Reflecting Surface Backscatter-Based Secrecy Enhancement
With the development of wireless communication technology, more and more private information is transmitted through public channels, which increases the risk of information leakage. An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can be combined with backscatter technology and integrated into the wireless communication system. The integration of backscatter in IRS can enhance the communication security of the system by utilizing the power of the interference signal emitted by the active eavesdropper. The signal reflected by the IRS can reduce the impact of the eavesdropper’s interference signal and strengthen the required signal received by the legitimate user. This dual capability enhances the reliability of communication, fortifying the received signal quality for legitimate users in the system.
  • 71
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithm for Service Robots in Industry
The definition of a robot by Gonzalez-Aguirre et al. has been defined in three classes with a focus on the human–robot interaction. According to the first definition, the robot completely replaces the human worker in a dangerous or polluted environment that is unsuitable for human work.
  • 119
  • 25 Jan 2024
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