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Topic Review
Fault Detection Approaches for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Battery fires have become more common owing to the increased use of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, monitoring technology is required to detect battery anomalies because battery fires cause significant damage to systems. Researchers used Mahalanobis distance (MD) and independent component analysis (ICA) to detect early battery faults in a real-world energy storage system (ESS). The fault types included historical data of battery overvoltage and humidity anomaly alarms generated by the system management program. These are typical preliminary symptoms of thermal runaway, the leading cause of lithium-ion battery fires. The alarms were generated by the system management program based on thresholds. If a fire occurs in an ESS, the humidity inside the ESS will increase very quickly, which means that threshold-based alarm generation methods can be risky. In addition, industrial datasets contain many outliers for various reasons, including measurement and communication errors in sensors. These outliers can lead to biased training results for models. 
  • 133
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Irradiation-Tolerant Refractory High-Entropy Alloys
Along with the globalization of environmental problems and the rapid development of the field of nuclear technologies, the severe irradiation damage of materials has become a big issue, restricting the development of advanced nuclear reactor systems. Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have the characteristics of a complex composition, a short-range order, and lattice distortion and possess a high phase stability, outstanding mechanical properties, and excellent irradiation resistance at elevated temperatures; thus, they are expected to be promising candidates for advanced nuclear reactors. 
  • 214
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biochemical CO2-to-X Transformation Pathways
Technologies to capture CO2 and use it as a feedstock to produce CO2-based chemicals and biofuels via chemical or biochemical conversion pathways can potentially reduce the amount of CO2 released. Cultivation of microalgae, an intermediate CO2-based product of microalgal biorefineries, is recognized as a promising decentralized alternative to capture and use CO2 emissions using biological transformation. Microalgal strains are generally cultivated in open raceways or closed (flat panel, tubular) cultivation systems. It is generally known that CO2, nutrients (mainly N compounds and phosphates), and sunlight as an energy source are needed for microalgal growth under photosynthetic reaction.
  • 96
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Quality in Construction
Achieving a high level of quality in a residential building, characterized by the highest level of performance features, is crucial for the client and all participants in the investment process. The identification of negative factors that occur in the investment process, and the assessment of their impact on the quality of the facility, provide important knowledge that gives the basis for controlling the course of the process.
  • 383
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
IoT Communication in Mining Environments
While a robust and reliable communication network for monitoring the mining environment in a timely manner to take care of people, the planet Earth and profits is key, the mining environment is very challenging in terms of achieving reliable wireless transmission.
  • 225
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Maritime Emission Monitoring
Maritime emissions contribute significantly to global pollution, necessitating accurate and efficient monitoring methods. Traditional methods for tracking ship emissions often face limitations in real-time data accuracy, with wind measurement being a critical yet challenging aspect.
  • 103
  • 15 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential of Cable-Driven Continuum Robots
Rigid robots have found wide-ranging applications in manufacturing automation, owing to their high loading capacity, high speed, and high precision. Nevertheless, these robots typically feature joint-based drive mechanisms, possessing limited degrees of freedom (DOF), bulky structures, and low manipulability in confined spaces. In contrast, continuum robots, drawing inspiration from biological structures, exhibit characteristics such as high compliance, lightweight designs, and high adaptability to various environments. Among them, cable-driven continuum robots (CDCRs) driven by multiple cables offer advantages like higher dynamic response compared to pneumatic systems and increased working space and higher loading capacity compared to shape memory alloy (SMA) drives. However, CDCRs also exhibit some shortcomings, including complex motion, drive redundancy, challenging modeling, and control difficulties.
  • 295
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infrared Thermography in Building Diagnostics and Condition Monitorin
Infrared thermography is a non-destructive technique that uses infrared radiation to visualize surface temperature variations. It is a versatile tool that can be used to detect a variety of problems in buildings, including insulation deficiencies, moisture intrusion, structural compromise, and electrical faults.
  • 179
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface
Corrosion on the interface between a metal alloy, such as steel, and a wet, permeable non-metallic medium is of considerable practical interest. Examples include the interface between steel and water, the atmosphere or concrete, as for steel reinforcement bars; between metal and soil, as for buried cast iron or steel pipes; deposits of some type, as in under-deposit corrosion; and the interface with insulation, protective coatings, or macro- or micro-biological agents. In all cases, corrosion initiation depends on the characteristics of the interfacial zone, both of the metal and the medium, and the spatial variability. For (near-)homogeneous semi-infinite media with good interfacial contact, the pitting, crevices and general corrosion of the metal will be largely controlled by the metal (micro-)characteristics, including its inclusions, imperfections and surface roughness. 
  • 230
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Passenger Boarding Strategies
Boarding time constitutes a critical element of turnaround time, which is used to measure the efficiency of airline operations. Therefore, to reduce boarding time, it is imperative to reconsider traditional passenger boarding strategies to make them more efficient. Different techniques have been used to address the problem, including the following: (1) simulation, (2) analytical methods, and (3) experiments in the aircraft.
  • 222
  • 11 Feb 2024
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