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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Impacts of Prefabrication in the Building Construction Industry
Interest in sustainable construction has been increasing due to recent events. The limitations of natural resources and the scale of global impacts, specifically as a result of the effects of global climate change, have consequences for the construction sector. These changes are giving rise to a need to reassess the way we face the built environment and rethink new solutions for construction systems or methods that contribute to mitigating negative consequences, among which we highlight the prefabrication method. This new scenario, characterised by the need to meet the decarbonisation goals set for 2050, as well as the effects of the spread of the pandemic crisis, emphasizes the importance of understanding the impacts that may occur in the construction industry, which are essentially understood as increases in sustainability, productivity, quality and, consequently, as reductions in deadlines, costs, and dependence on labour. Therefore, this entry seeks to study on the existing literature on prefabrication, seeking to gather relevant information on the new advances, challenges, and opportunities of this construction method whose approach has been mostly focused on partial or specific aspects for case studies, both highlighting the potential and identifying the gaps and opportunities of prefabrication in this new context. The prefabrication method brings benefits compared to the conventional method, and may be an alternative, as it has more positive global impacts on the environment, the economy, and society, and consequently on the sustainable development of construction, despite some limitations that have been reported and that should be looked into in the future.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Level Inverter
Multilevel inverter had been paid a lot of attention from the academia and research community in recent times due to its role in high and medium power applications. 
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
SPAD Arrays
The SPAD is the basic unit cell of all SiPM/PDC technologies. It consists of a photodiode biased above breakdown in a metastable state awaiting to be triggered by a photoelectron or a thermally excited carrier to switch to high current.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Components and Production of Asphalt Mixture
The environmental concerns of global warming and energy consumption are among the most severe issues and challenges facing human beings worldwide. Due to the relatively higher predicted temperatures (150–180 °C), the latest research on pavement energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission assessment mentioned contributing to higher environmental burdens such as air pollution and global warming. However, warm-mix asphalt (WMA) was introduced by pavement researchers and the road construction industry instead of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce these environmental problems.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Taiaha
A taiaha (Māori pronunciation: [ˈtaiaha]) is a traditional weapon of the Māori of New Zealand; a close-quarters staff weapon made from either wood or whalebone, and used for short, sharp strikes or stabbing thrusts with efficient footwork on the part of the wielder. Taiaha are usually between 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8 m) in length. It has three main parts; the arero (tongue), used for stabbing the opponent and parrying; the upoko (head), the base from which the tongue protrudes; and the ate (liver) or tinana (body), the long flat blade which is also used for striking and parrying.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ironmaking Process
Fe is extracted from Fe ore and converted into alloys. This metallurgical process is important. The raw materials of the iron-bearing mineral are introduced in the blast furnace (BF), wherein aside from Fe and C, other elements are also subjected to roasting in the furnace.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Turbulence Simulation Approaches
Turbulent flow can be numerically resolved with different levels of accuracy. Many numerical approaches for solving turbulence have been proposed, such as the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), the Large Eddy Simulation (LES), and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) approaches. Among these numerical methods, the RANS approach, specifically the Eddy Viscosity Model (EVM), is widely used for calculating turbulent flows thanks to its relatively high accuracy in predicting the mean flow features and its more limited computational demands. However, this approach suffers from several weaknesses, e.g., compromised accuracy and uncertainties due to assumptions in the model construction and insufficient incorporation of the fluid physics. In the LES approach, the whole eddy range is separated into two parts, namely, the large-scale eddy and subgrid-scale (SGS) eddy. The former can be directly resolved, while the latter is computed using the SGS model. As the computing power rapidly increases, this approach is extensively used to study turbulence physics and to resolve low-to-medium Reynolds number flows.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composite
Fiber-reinforced geopolymer composite (FRGC) is emerging as one of the alternative materials for cement in the construction industry. FRGC is considered an eco-friendly material due to its role in the global reduction in emission of CO2 to the environment. Simultaneously, the composite provides good mechanical strength of flexural modulus, loss modulus, post-impact strength, and durability for a definite period at room and elevated temperatures. A positive aspect of the geopolymer matrix used for this composite is that could provide a finite period of durability at elevated temperatures without releasing toxic gases to the surroundings. Fibers enhanced the brittle behavior of the geopolymer matrix into ductile one with improved mechanical strength and residual impact strength.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Weather Radar
The history of Weather Radar (abbreviation of RAdio Detecting And Ranging) begins during World War II, when military radar operators noticed extraneous echoes showing up on their display. David Atlas was one of the pioneers of radar meteorology, along with John Stewart Marshall, Walter Palmer and Richard Doviak. Weather radars send pulses of electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere, a microsecond of long microwave radiation to identify the presence of hydrometeors.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Redox Flow Batteries
Redox Flow Batteries (RFB) are electrochemical energy storage devices that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible oxidation and reduction of the working fluids. Redox flow batteries are considered by many to be a promising technology for the storage of energy for days or even weeks. Other advantages of RFBs are modularly and the ability to change the output power and energy capacity independently, by changing the size and number of cells in a stack and by adjusting the volume of electrolyte. Also, RFBs show a long lifecycle compared to lithium-ion batteries.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Oct 2021
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