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Topic Review
Hepatocyte Growth Regulators
Researchers have studied whether growth factors, cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and local hormones (autacoids) promote the proliferation of hepatic parenchymal cells (i.e., hepatocytes) using in vitro primary cultured hepatocytes. The indicators used for this purpose include changes in DNA synthesis activity, nuclear number, cell number, cell cycle, and gene expression. In addition, the intracellular signaling pathways from the plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus have been examined in detail for representative growth-promoting factors that have been found to promote DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of hepatocytes.
  • 410
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Image-Guided Locoregional Therapies (LRTs)
Image-guided locoregional therapies (LRTs) are a crucial asset in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has proven to be characterized by an impaired antitumor immune status. LRTs not only directly destroy tumor cells but also have an immunomodulating role, altering the tumor microenvironment with potential systemic effects. 
  • 409
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Stroma Ratio in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence is rising in the younger patient population.  In the past decade, research has unveiled several processes (underlying tumorigenesis, many of which involve interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding tissue or tumor microenvironment (TME). Interactions between components of the TME are mediated at a sub-microscopic level. 
  • 409
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a relevant global health problem. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the most effective systemic treatment for HCC. However, due to primary resistance, approximately 40% of HCC patients do not achieve a disease control with ICIs. Moreover, a similar proportion will experience disease progression after an initial response caused by secondary resistance. 
  • 409
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Theragnostic Strategies in Colorectal Cancer
Liquid biopsy has emerged as a minimally invasive tool that is capable of detecting genomic alterations from primary or metastatic tumors, allowing the prognostic stratification of patients, the detection of the minimal residual disease after surgical or systemic treatments, the monitoring of therapeutic response, and the development of resistance, establishing an opportunity for early intervention before imaging detection or worsening of clinical symptoms. On the other hand, preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrated the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in promoting inflammatory responses and cancer initiation. Altered gut microbiota is associated with resistance to chemo drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, whereas the use of microbe-targeted therapies including antibiotics, pre-probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can restore response to anticancer drugs, promote immune response, and therefore support current treatment strategies in colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • 408
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
TDM optimize anti-TNF biologic treatment
The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is to optimize anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) biologic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although commercial assays are readily available for both ustekinumab and vedolizumab, the use of TDM with these newer biologic medications is at its infancy. 
  • 408
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Crohn’s Disease Complication
Crohn’s Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which up to 50% of patients develop fistula within 20 years after the initial diagnosis, and half of these patients suffer perianal fistulizing disease. The etiopathogenesis of CD-related perianal fistula is still unclear, and its phenotypical and molecular characteristics are even more indefinite. A better understanding would be crucial to develop targeted and more effective therapeutic strategies.
  • 408
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
New-Onset Liver Injuries Due to COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted the world and caused the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The clinical manifestations of the virus can vary from patient to patient, depending on their respective immune system and comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 can affect patients through two mechanisms: directly by targeting specific receptors or by systemic mechanisms.
  • 408
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Microbiomes Influence the Effects of Diet on Cancer
Microbiomes interact with localized and systemic host cell populations where they help to maintain immune homeostasis. Microbiota use different dietary factors for energy and in turn produce by-products that impact the host cell populations. Dietary factors can also influence the composition and diversity of microbiota populations, in turn impacting the interactions of the microbiomes with host. Perturbations in this system, commonly referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with various diseases including cancer.
  • 407
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Patients with Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is followed by a profound immune dysfunction characterized by alterations in innate (decreased complement activity, reduced chemotaxis, and phagocytosis) and adaptive immunity (decreased memory cells, CD4 helper cells, T cell exhaustion) which leads to an inadequate immune response against a wide range of pathogens. The pathogenesis of what is known as ‘cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction’ resides mainly in impairment of the hepatic reticulo-endothelial system, defective protein production, blood cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation that is related to hepatocyte destruction.
  • 407
  • 21 Feb 2023
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