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Topic Review
Vitamin D and Inflammation in Obesity
Obesity affects more than one billion people worldwide and often leads to cardiometabolic chronic comorbidities. It induces senescence-related alterations in adipose tissue, and senescence is closely linked to obesity. Fully elucidating the pathways through which vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects may improve our understanding of local adipose tissue inflammation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.
  • 192
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Complications of Pancreaticoduodenectomy with Concurrent Colectomies
A pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is one of the most challenging abdominal surgical procedures and is associated with increased rates of postoperative complications, including severe ones, potentially leading to postoperative deaths. Even at very high-volume centers for pancreatic resections, the morbidity rates after PD are relatively high, while the perioperative mortality cannot be neglected. Multi-visceral resections for colon and pancreatic cancer (PDAC) are feasible, safe, and justified for early and late outcomes. However, the use of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with concurrent colectomies is highly debatable in terms of morbidity and oncological benefits.
  • 111
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostics for Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Patients with Hypertension
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a clinical entity linked with various risk factors that significantly affect cardiac morbidity and mortality. Hypertension, one of the most important, causes both functional and structural alterations in the microvasculature, promoting the occurrence and progression of microvascular angina. Endothelial dysfunction and capillary rarefaction play the most significant role in the development of CMD among patients with hypertension. CMD is also related to several hypertension-induced morphological and functional changes in the myocardium in the subclinical and early clinical stages, including left ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial myocardial fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. This indicates the fact that CMD, especially if associated with hypertension, is a subclinical marker of end-organ damage and heart failure, particularly that with preserved ejection fraction.
  • 152
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Proteolytic Activation of the Epithelial Sodium Channel
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) are integral to maintaining salt and water homeostasis in various biological tissues, including the kidney, lung, and colon. They enable the selective reabsorption of sodium ions, which is a process critical for controlling blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and overall fluid volume. ENaC activity is finely controlled through proteolytic activation, a process wherein specific enzymes, or proteases, cleave ENaC subunits, resulting in channel activation and increased sodium reabsorption. This regulatory mechanism plays a pivotal role in adapting sodium transport to different physiological conditions.
  • 143
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma characterized by large T-cells with strong CD30 and ALK expression. Although conventional chemotherapy is effective in most patients, approximately 30% experience a relapse or refractory disease and have a poor prognosis. Several risk factors associated with poor prognosis have been identified in pediatric ALK-positive ALCL. These include morphological patterns with the small cell variant or lymphohistiocytic variant, leukemic presentation, the presence of minimal disseminated disease, or involvement of the central nervous system. Relapsed or refractory ALK-positive ALCL is often resistant to conventional chemotherapy; therefore, salvage therapy is required. In recent years, targeted therapies such as ALK inhibitors and brentuximab vedotin (BV) have been developed. ALK inhibitors block the continuous activation of ALK kinase, a driver mutation that leads to cell proliferation in ALK-positive ALCL. Additionally, BV is an antibody–drug conjugate that targets CD30-positive cells. Both ALK inhibitors and BV have displayed dramatic effects in chemoresistant ALK-positive ALCL. Weekly vinblastine treatment and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have also been reported to be effective therapies. 
  • 153
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Osteopontin in the Inflammatory Responses of Alzheimer’s Disease
Osteopontin (OPN), an inflammatory cytokine and biomarker of alzheimer’s disease (AD), is implicated in Aβ clearance and toxicity, microglial activation, and inflammation, and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. 
  • 224
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme and Drug Transporter Expression
Sparse and conflicting evidence exists regarding the localization, expression, and regulation of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters across gestational stages. To resolve the uncertainties and assumptions in current knowledge, additional pharmacokinetic (PK) data and clinical pharmacology research are required to understand drug metabolism and transport in the pregnant woman and in the placenta.
  • 198
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Early Complications of Esophagectomy
Esophagectomy is a technically complex operation performed for both benign and malignant esophageal disease. Medical and surgical advancements have led to improved outcomes in esophagectomy patients over the past several decades; however, surgeons must remain vigilant as complications happen often and can be severe. Post-esophagectomy complications can be grouped into early and late categories.
  • 87
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Computer-Aided Drug Design and Drug Discovery
In the dynamic landscape of drug discovery, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) emerges as a transformative force, bridging the realms of biology and technology. The core principle underpinning CADD are the utilization of computer algorithms on chemical and biological data to simulate and predict how a drug molecule will interact with its target—usually a protein or DNA sequence in the biological system.
  • 509
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Complications of Diabetes and Diabetic Foot
Globally, a leg is amputated approximately every 30 seconds, with an estimated 85 percent of these amputations being attributed to complications arising from diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), as stated by the American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a risk factor resulting in DFU and can, either independently or in conjunction with diabetes, lead to recurring, slow-healing ulcers and amputations. 
  • 134
  • 29 Dec 2023
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