Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Ontogenetic Anatomy
Ontogenetic anatomy is a relatively novel concept based on embryologic development. During early embryologic development, the proliferating groups of cells do not mix with each other. They form units—ontogenetic compartments—which can be identified and mapped in mature organisms. The ontogenetic cancer field model was developed by Höckel and considered malignant tumor growth as an anisotropic process. According to the theory, tumor growth is confined by a permissive compartment during the long time of its natural history, and the compartment’s borders are tumor suppressive. It is also a predictive model, which contributes to selecting the proper surgical procedure for every single patient according to the probability of the compartment’s involvement. The term “meso” is widely used in ontogenetic surgery. It is an abbreviation of “mesentery”, which differs from the classical anatomical definition. In general, the term “mesentery” means the structure attaches the organ to the posterior abdominal wall and is covered by the peritoneum on both sides. In ontogenetic anatomy, the prefix “meso-” defines a compartment derived from distinct primordial tissue. Mesotissues abut the corresponding organ, although their origin differs from the organ. It contains fibro-fatty tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Sometimes, meso-structures are enveloped by an easily dissectible fascia (e.g., mesorectum and mesorectal fascia); in other cases, it could not be dissected in an avascular plane and the related veins may communicate between different compartments (e.g., the Mullerian compartment and mesobladder).
  • 137
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Albumin and Globulin for Diagnosing Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most intractable orthopedic diseases, partly because of the difficulty in differentiating septic from aseptic conditions. serum albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), and Alb–Glb ratio (AGR) levels in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are feasible and accurate diagnostic markers for PJI and can improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of PJI.
  • 141
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Low-FODMAP Diet, IBS, and BCFAs
Branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), the bacterial products of the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, are proposed as markers for colonic protein fermentation. IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by low-grade inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. The low-FODMAP diet (LFD) has increasingly been applied as first-line therapy for managing Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms, although it decreases the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), well known for their anti-inflammatory action. In parallel, high protein consumption increases BCFAs. Protein fermentation alters the colonic microbiome through nitrogenous metabolites production, known for their detrimental effects on the intestinal barrier promoting inflammation. 
  • 139
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19
Researchers present an overview of the current state of knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to an overview of the epidemiological, clinical, and radiological features of SARS-CoV-2, researchers also summarize possible therapeutic options currently under investigation and the future outlook for the disease. Whereas the trials on SARS-CoV-2 genome-based specific vaccines and therapeutic antibodies are currently being tested, this solution is more long-term, as they require thorough testing of their safety. On the other hand, the repurposing of the existing therapeutic agents previously designed for other virus infections and pathologies happens to be the only practical approach as a rapid response measure to the emergent pandemic. The current pandemic emergency will be a trigger for more systematic drug repurposing design approaches based on big data analysis. Further on, regression analytical review is presented on the virological and evolutionary history of SARS-CoV viruses, indicating to the autoimmune pathogen.
  • 7.5K
  • 14 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a crucial tool in healthcare with the primary aim of improving patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery. By harnessing machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and computer vision, AI enables the analysis of complex medical data. The integration of AI into healthcare systems aims to support clinicians, personalize patient care, and enhance population health, all while addressing the challenges posed by rising costs and limited resources. 
  • 269
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Journey to Hear: The Evolution of Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implants (CIs), a revolutionary breakthrough in auditory technology, have profoundly impacted the lives of individuals with severe hearing impairment. Surgically implanted behind the ear and within the delicate cochlea, these devices represent a direct pathway to restoring the sense of hearing. Implanting hope alongside innovation, their captivating history unfolds through pivotal dates and transformative milestones. From the first human implantation by Drs. William House and John Doyle in 1961 to FDA approval in 1984, each step in their evolution mirrors a triumph of human ingenuity. The 1990s witnessed significant miniaturization, enhancing accessibility, while the 21st century brought about improvements in speech processing and electrode technology. These strides have elevated CIs beyond functional devices to life-changing instruments, enriching both auditory experiences and communication skills. This entry delves into the captivating history of CIs, spotlighting key dates that paint a vivid picture of challenges overcome and remarkable progress achieved. It explores the people and moments that defined their development, ultimately shaping these implants into indispensable tools that continually redefine the landscape of hearing assistance.
  • 674
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults
Defined by the WHO as dynamic and adaptable across life stages, it emphasizes the importance of cognitive function in aging and the need to prevent cognitive decline. Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) emerges as a precursor to cognitive decline, with potential markers for progression identified. Preventive strategies target modifiable risk factors like diabetes, depression, and lifestyle choices, with multidomain personalized interventions showing promise in preserving cognitive function. The approach should also extends beyond high-risk individuals to a universal preventive model, stressing societal and political changes to promote brain health globally.
  • 137
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urgent-Start Peritoneal Dialysis
Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (USPD) is defined as peritoneal dialysis initiated within 14 days of catheter insertion.
  • 161
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Berberine in Diabetes and Related Complications Treatment
Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be extracted from herbs such as Coptis, Phellodendron, and Berberis. BBR has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various disorders. It is a multi-target drug with multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also adjust intestinal microbial flora. 
  • 139
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Parenteral Cysteine Supplementation in Preterm Infants
Term infants with specific pathologies and preterm infants are frequently unable to feed and need parenteral nutrition (PN) to provide adequate calories and necessary nutrients that promote growth and sustain essential biological functions. Amino acid (AA) solutions are an integral part of standard PN administered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). These AA solutions contain variable amounts of both essential and nonessential AAs. A low plasma level of any AA indicates a relative deficiency of this AA, which may be detrimental to nitrogen balance, growth and the specific functions related to this AA. Multiple studies confirmed low plasma cysteine in parenterally fed neonates. Cysteine plays an important role in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which is a cornerstone in keeping the oxidant–antioxidant balance in preterm infants who are exposed to high oxidative stress induced mainly by O2 supplementation and PN contaminated with peroxide. To respond to the urgent need for changing the current methods of parenteral cysteine supplementation, glutathione addition to PN is presented as an innovative alternative with promising results in an animal model. Future directions for research in this field are proposed.
  • 126
  • 12 Jan 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 1352
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback