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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Migraine
Migraine is a burdensome neurological disorder that still lacks clear and easily accessible diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, a straightforward pathway is hard to find for migraineurs' management, so the search for response predictors has become urgent. Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) has pervaded almost every aspect of our lives, and medicine has not been missed. Its applications are nearly limitless, and the ability to use machine learning approaches has given researchers a chance to give huge amounts of data new insights. When it comes to migraine, AI may play a fundamental role, helping clinicians and patients in many ways. For example, AI-based models can increase diagnostic accuracy, especially for non-headache specialists, and may help in correctly classifying the different groups of patients. Moreover, AI models analysing brain imaging studies reveal promising results in identifying disease biomarkers. Regarding migraine management, AI applications showed value in identifying outcome measures, the best treatment choices, and therapy response prediction.
  • 200
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Animal Models in Neuroscience: What is the “Culture of Care”?
In situations where animal models (AMs) are necessary, as in the field of neuroscience, a strong culture of care must be supported and established. The pivotal question remains: how can we uphold a robust “culture of care”? In the multifaceted domain of neuroscience research, AMs traverse a spectrum shaped by conflicting viewpoints, anthropocentrism and pathocentrism, where established scientific norms intersect with ethical deliberations. Anthropocentrism, representative of conventional scientific approaches, may prioritize scientific goals potentially to the detriment of animal welfare. Conversely, pathocentrism places significant importance on the ethical treatment and well-being of AMs. This divergence of approach prompts the imperative development of a robust culture of care framework within research institutions, advocating for animal welfare, ethical responsibility, and adherence to regulatory standards. In this review, we refer to a European view of animal care, discussing internationally valid concepts that find rebuttal in the current European legislation. This review meticulously analyzes the many facets of the culture of care, particularly for neuroscience studies involving AMs, illustrating the principles, practices, and collaborations critical to overcoming ethical expectations. This commitment increases credibility and builds trust in the public and research spheres, underscoring the critical importance of a culture of care in the ethics of neuroscience research.
  • 623
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dopamine Signaling in Substantia Nigra
In-depth, the role of dopamine in locomotor function is discussed in aging and Parkinson's disease. It highlights the inherent differences in dopamine regulation within the nigrostriatal neuron in striatum as compared to substantia nigra. Given the copious amount of evidence of differential dopamine regulation between striatum and substantia nigra, dopamine signaling in the substantia nigra is as equally important, if not more so, in regulation of locomotor function. The ever increasing evidence that nigral dopamine can regulate locomotor function has recently come to light in the past 10 years, reigniting the efforts that began over 30 years ago since the first studies that reported such a role.
  • 226
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis
In the multimodal strategy context, to implement healthcare-associated infection prevention, bundles are one of the most commonly used methods to adapt guidelines in the local context and transfer best practices into routine clinical care. One of the most important measures to prevent surgical site infections is surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP).
  • 214
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Probiotic Bacillus subtilis in Human Applications
Bacillus subtilis has been used for more than 50 years in many different industrial applications, including farming, precision fermentation, and probiotic supplements. It is particularly attractive as a probiotic because of its ability to form shelf-stable, acid-resistant spores that lend to diverse applications in the food system. B. subtilis is the most ubiquitous species of the genus and can be isolated from a broad variety of environments including animal and human gastrointestinal (GI) tracts.
  • 256
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening, toxin-mediated infectious process linked, in the vast majority of cases, to toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • 117
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutics in Parkinson’s Disease
Neurological ailments, including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and other related diseases, have affected around 1 billion people globally to date. PD stands second among the common neurodegenerative diseases caused as a result of dopaminergic neuron loss in the midbrain’s substantia nigra regions. Medicinal plants, herbal formulations, and natural bioactive molecules have been gaining much more attention in recent years as synthetic molecules orchestrate a number of undesired effects. Several in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies in the recent past have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, herbal formulations, and plant-based bioactives. 
  • 95
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MRI in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Paediatric Population
The most common acute infection and leading cause of death in children worldwide is pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory tests essentially diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or atypical microorganisms. Imaging is usually reserved for children who do not respond to treatment, need hospitalisation, or have hospital-acquired pneumonia. Advances in MRI protocols make it a viable alternative for diagnosing CAP and its complications.
  • 274
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Breast Reconstruction
Breast cancer accounted for 685,000 deaths globally in 2020, and half of all cases occur in women with no specific risk factor besides gender and age group. The number of mastectomies performed for younger women increased, raising the need for adequate breast reconstructive surgery. Advances in oncological treatment have made it possible to limit the extent of what represents radical surgery for breast cancer, a marked trend toward mastectomies in breast-conserving surgery-eligible patients are seen. Prophylactic mastectomies have also registered an upward trend. This trend together with new uses for breast reconstruction like chest feminization in transgender patients has increased the need for breast reconstruction surgery
  • 107
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Advanced/Metastatic Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
The estrogen receptor (ER) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Utilizing specialized therapies aimed at the ER has been effective in many instances and is commonly employed in breast cancer treatment protocols. The selection of therapy depends on multiple factors, including the menopausal status, breast cancer stage, and unique tumor attributes. These therapies can function independently as monotherapy, or in conjunction or sequential alignment with other treatments, based on the distinct characteristics of the breast cancer and the patient’s overall health.
  • 352
  • 01 Feb 2024
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