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Topic Review
Mutation Profile of Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis refers to fibrosis in the bone marrow associated with certain bone marrow cancers. It is a characteristic of primary myelofibrosis and may develop later in other bone marrow cancers with overproduction of blood cells, such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. It has been confirmed that mutations in three key genes, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and myeloproliferative leukemia oncogene (MPL), can increase the activity of blood-producing cells, make them grow more actively, and are associated with the development of myelofibrosis. Approximately 80% of myelofibrosis cases carry additional mutations that often involve proteins that control how genes are turned on and off. The presence of mutations provides evidence of a cancerous process. The order in which these mutations occur can influence how the disease manifests. Studies have shown that fibrosis is secondary to the cancerous process and is closely linked to abnormal cell growth driven by mutations.
  • 134
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Origin Components
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes intrahospital complications such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary infections, bacteraemia, and, in some cases, death. Since this bacterium has a higher frequency than other Gram-negative pathogens, it has become an important pathogen to the health sector. The adaptative genome of Kpn likely facilitates increased survival of the pathogen in diverse situations.
  • 181
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pregnancy Arrhythmias
Pregnancy is closely associated with an elevated risk of arrhythmias, constituting the predominant cardiovascular complication during this period. Pregnancy may induce the exacerbation of previously controlled arrhythmias and, in some instances, arrhythmias may present for the first time in pregnancy.
  • 169
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Adults Supplemental Parenteral Nutrition at End of Life
“End of life” is a stage defined by the existence of an irreversible prognosis that ends with a person’s death. One of the aspects of interest regarding end of life focuses on parenteral nutrition, which is usually administered in order to avoid malnutrition and associated complications.
  • 238
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma
Immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment are the primary drivers of tumorigenesis and malignant advancement. The presence, as well as the crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), osteosarcoma-associated macrophages (OS-Ms), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and endothelial cells (ECs) with osteosarcoma cells cause the poor prognosis of OS.
  • 207
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Post-Traumatic Cerebral Infarction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common diagnosis requiring acute hospitalization. Long-term, TBI is a significant source of health and socioeconomic impact in the United States and globally. The goal of clinicians who manage TBI is to prevent secondary brain injury. In this population, post-traumatic cerebral infarction (PTCI) acutely after TBI is an important but under-recognized complication that is associated with negative functional outcomes.
  • 146
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Opportunities and Challenges in Anti-Acanthamoeba Drug Discovery
The unicellular eukaryotic Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitous free-living protists and can survive in various environments, such as water, soil and air. Although major strides have been made in developing and testing various anti-acanthamoebic drugs, recurrent infections, inadequate treatment outcomes, health complications, and side effects associated with the use of currently available drugs necessitate the development of more effective and safe therapeutic regimens. For any new anti-acanthamoebic drugs to be more effective, they must have either superior potency and safety or at least comparable potency and an improved safety profile compared to the existing drugs. 
  • 115
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Pathophysiology
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which explains the pain that such patients report. Currently, we are faced with ineffective, non-invasive diagnostic methods and treatments that come with multiple side effects and high recurrence rates for both the disease and pain. These are the reasons why researchers are exploring the possibility of the involvement of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in the process of the appearance of endometriosis.
  • 99
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Challenges in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is still a life-threatening disease with frequent lethal outcomes despite the profound changes in its clinical, microbiological, imaging, and therapeutic profiles. Nowadays, the scenario for IE has changed since rheumatic fever has declined, but on the other hand, multiple aspects, such as elderly populations, cardiovascular device implantation procedures, and better use of multiple imaging modalities and multidisciplinary care, have increased, leading to escalations in diagnosis. Mainly, guidelines put emphasis on the importance of an endocarditis team in the handling of systemic complications and how they affect the timing of surgery and perioperative management. Neurological complications, acute renal failure, splenic or musculoskeletal manifestations, or infections determined by multiresistant microorganisms or fungi can affect long-term prognosis and survival. Not to be outdone, anatomical and surgical factors, such as the presence of native or prosthetic valve endocarditis, a repair strategy when feasible, anatomical extension and disruption in the case of an annular abscess (mitral valve annulus, aortic mitral curtain, aortic root, and annulus), and the choice of prosthesis and conduits, can be equally crucial.
  • 185
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Chest Wall
Pectoralis nerve blocks, serratus anterior plane blocks, erector spinae plane blocks, paravertebral blocks, and parasternal blocks can provide valuable supplements in the portfolio of multi-modal analgesic approaches in chest wall pain. While the indication spectrum and covered areas for some of these blocks might overlap, the feasibility and, thereby, the choice of one of these blocks might differ according to the specifics of the concrete ICU patient.
  • 228
  • 20 Feb 2024
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