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Topic Review
NCAM2
NCAM2 governs neuronal morphogenesis and axodendritic architecture, and controls important neuron-specific processes such as neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis and memory formation. In the adult brain, NCAM2 is highly expressed in dendritic spines, and it regulates synaptic plasticity and learning processes. NCAM2’s functions are related to its ability to adapt to the external inputs of the cell and to modify the cytoskeleton accordingly. Different studies show that NCAM2 interacts with proteins involved in cytoskeleton stability and proteins that regulate calcium influx, which could also modify the cytoskeleton.
  • 822
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Artery Disease
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the lower-body conduit arteries. PAD is commonly accompanied by microvascular disease, which may result in poor wound healing, plantar ulcer development, and subsequent limb amputation. 
  • 821
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Eudragit® Based Copolymer for Smart Healthcare
Eudragit, synthesized by radical polymerization, is used for enteric coating, precise temporal release, and targeting the entire gastrointestinal system. Evonik Healthcare Germany offers different grades of Eudragit. The ratio of methacrylic acid to its methacrylate-based monomers used in the polymerization reaction defines the final product’s characteristics and consequently its potential range of applications.
  • 821
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Lamin A/C in Disease/Cancer
Lamin A/C is a nuclear protein with multiple functions in normal and diseased cells. As lamin A/C has a variety of critical roles within the cell, mutations of the lamin A/C gene and incorrect processing of the protein results in a wide variety of diseases, ranging from striated muscle disorders to accelerated aging diseases.
  • 821
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is a complex disease that involves an imbalance between the oral microbiota and an individual’s inflammatory response. Moreover, the inflammatory response contributes to further imbalance; if left untreated, periodontal disease may result in tooth loss. Vitamin D is intricately involved in the regulation of calcium–phosphate homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism; considering that periodontal surgery usually includes regenerative therapy, adequate vitamin D and calcium levels are essential.
  • 821
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Brainstem Midline Stroke
Most medullary and pontine strokes are sharply marginated and paramedian, with the long axis being oriented in the sagittal plane. This pattern is related to the distribution of the paramedian-penetrating branches arising from the BA and distal VAs, which perforate the paramedian brainstem and never cross the midline. Lateral infarcts, in the distribution of the short circumferential arteries, are seen less frequently than paramedian lesions are. At the midbrain level, midline infarctions can be visualized, as the many involved branches are not limited to a paramedian distribution. Characteristically, brainstem vascular syndromes are also called alternating syndromes due to the presence of crossed neurological signs (ipsilateral cranial nerve signs and contralateral signs of the ascending and descending tracts) which are hallmarks of the brainstem location.
  • 821
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Callous and Unemotional (CU) Traits
Behavioral disorders (BD), including disruptive, aggressive, and/or antisocial behavior, are some of the most common disorders in children and adolescents. The notion of BD used in our review is an umbrella term, including children and adolescents with a range of emotional and behavioral disorders. It includes a population with heterogeneous behavioral diagnoses such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), internalized disorders (ID), conditions often associated with aggressive and/or antisocial behavior. Retrospective research in the field notes heterogeneous developmental trajectories that could be explained by certain risk factors, including the severity of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, a constellation of emotional and personality traits in children considered as a precursor to adult psychopathy.
  • 820
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Large Intestine Innervation during CRC
Colorectal cancer (CRC), classified as third most prevalent cancer worldwide, remains to be a clinical and research challenge. It is estimated that ~50% of CRC patients die from distant metastases. While, since the 1970s, the consensus is that tumors lack innervation, there are clear evidences of connections between the nervous system and cancer. CRC, as a tumor, possesses nerve fibres from peripheral nervous system (PNS), as part of its microenvironment, as well as axons from both branches of autonomic NS and primary sensory neurons. The structural-functional changes in enteric nervous system innervation of the tumor are important. A connection is suggested between nervous system dysfunctions and a range of neurotransmitters (Nts) (including neuropeptides, NPs), neurotrophins (Ntt) and their receptors in CRC liver metastasis (LM) development. More research is needed to understand the exact mechanisms of communication between the neurons and tumor cells.
  • 820
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sphingosine Kinase/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
Sphingolipid metabolites have emerged as critical players in the regulation of various physiological processes. Ceramide and sphingosine induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis, whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell proliferation and survival. 
  • 820
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Glioblastoma by Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography
Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most widely used non-invasive technique in the primary diagnosis of glioblastoma. Although MRI provides very powerful anatomical information, it has proven to be of limited value for diagnosing glioblastomas in some situations. The final diagnosis requires a brain biopsy that may not depict the high intratumoral heterogeneity present in this tumor type. The gold standard tracer for most PET cancer imaging is 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), a fluorine-18 glucose analog, being the most widely used in clinical radiopharmaceutical practice, and accounting for more than 90% of total PET scans. [18F]FDG is ineffective for diagnosing gliomas due to the high glucose metabolism in the normal brain, which results in suboptimal tumor detection and delineation, especially upon treatment. An innovative option for biomarker identification in vivo is termed “immunotargeted imaging”. By merging the high target specificity of antibodies with the high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET), “Immuno-PET” allows us to conduct the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients over time using antibody-based probes as an in vivo, integrated, quantifiable, 3D, full-body “immunohistochemistry” in patients.
  • 820
  • 05 Jan 2022
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