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Topic Review
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU). NMBAs have been used in critically ill patients with lung diseases to optimize mechanical ventilation, prevent spontaneous respiratory efforts, reduce the work of breathing and oxygen consumption, and avoid patient–ventilator asynchrony.
  • 280
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exercise Stress Echocardiography in Athletes
Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a crucial diagnostic tool, offering detailed insights into an athlete’s cardiac function, reserve, and possible arrhythmias.
  • 82
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacology of Cynomorium songaricum
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) belongs to the family Cynomoriaceae. It is a perennial succulent parasitic herb with a reddish-brown coloration, predominantly submerged in sand and lacking chlorophyll. 
  • 197
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
N-Glycans’ Effect on Pathologic Protein Conformations in Disease
Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in regulating intricate cellular processes by covalently attaching glycans to macromolecules. Dysregulated glycosylation is linked to a spectrum of diseases, encompassing cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, congenital disorders, infections, and inflammation. Considering the allosteric effects of N-glycans in regulating protein conformation, with potential implications for its assembly and function, it is of no surprise that dysregulated N-glycosylation has been implicated in several disease-associated human proteins. Furthermore, these glycans may play a pivotal role in modulating the conformation of pathogen-associated proteins, influencing their infectivity within human cells.
  • 223
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aptamer Technologies in Neuroscience
Aptamers developed using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology are single-stranded nucleic acids 10–100 nucleotides in length. Their targets, often with specificity and high affinity, range from ions and small molecules to proteins and other biological molecules as well as larger systems, including cells, tissues, and animals. Aptamers often rival conventional antibodies with improved performance, due to aptamers’ unique biophysical and biochemical properties, including small size, synthetic accessibility, facile modification, low production cost, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is sustained interest in engineering and adapting aptamers for many applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. 
  • 176
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Application of Aquaporins as Markers in Forensic Pathology
Aquaporins (AQPs) in various forensic fields has offered a promising horizon in response to the need to have reliable elements for the identification of the manner of death and for the individuation of forensic markers for the timing of lesions and vitality of injury.
  • 105
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microfluidics
Microfluidics is the advanced microtechnology of fluid manipulation in channels with at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 microns. Microfluidic technology offers a growing number of tools for manipulating small volumes of fluid to control chemical, biological, and physical processes relevant to separation, analysis, and detection.
  • 890
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Theranostic Uses of the Heme Pathway in Neuro-Oncology
ALA PDT, first approved as a topical therapy to treat precancerous skin lesions in 1999, targets the heme pathway selectively in cancers. When provided with excess ALA, the fluorescent photosensitizer PpIX accumulates primarily in cancer tissue, and ALA PDD is used to identify bladder and brain cancers as a visual aid for surgical resection. ALA PDT has shown promising anecdotal clinical results in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. ALA SDT represents a noninvasive way to activate ALA PDT and has the potential to achieve clinical success in the treatment of both intracranial and extracranial cancers. 
  • 107
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
γδ T Cells in Staphylococcus aureus Infections
The growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections necessitates focusing on host-derived immunotherapies. γδ T cells are an unconventional T cell subset, making up a relatively small portion of healthy circulating lymphocytes but a substantially increased proportion in mucosal and epithelial tissues. γδ T cells are activated and expanded in response to bacterial infection, having the capability to produce proinflammatory cytokines to recruit neutrophils and clear infection. They also play a significant role in dampening immune response to control inflammation and protecting the host against secondary challenge, making them promising targets when developing immunotherapy. Importantly, γδ T cells have differential metabolic states influencing their cytokine profile and subsequent inflammatory capacity.
  • 319
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation in the Operational Environment
The vestibular system, comprised of the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and eighth cranial nerves in the peripheral system, and the brainstem, brain, and cerebellum in the central system, is essential for gaze and postural stability. It allows service members to keep their eyes fixed on a target while their head is moving, and additionally contributes to the maintenance of balance. Evaluation of the vestibular system requires a systematic assessment of the visual, vestibular, and balance systems; technology can aid in this assessment. While technology can assist physical and occupational therapists in performing vestibular assessment and rehabilitation, not all such technologies are conducive to delivery of healthcare in an operational environment. In this context, the environment is characterized by the presence of extreme conditions and constrained resource availability.
  • 117
  • 05 Mar 2024
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