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Topic Review
Finerenone
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite guideline-directed therapy of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk of renal failure and cardiovascular events still remains high, and diabetes remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in affected patients. To date, current medications for CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus have not reset residual risk in patients due to a high grade of inflammation and fibrosis contributing to kidney and heart disease.
  • 390
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Link between Diabetes, Pancreatic Tumors, and miRNAs
Despite significant progress in medicine, pancreatic cancer is one of the most tardily diagnosed cancer and is consequently associated with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. The asymptomatic clinical picture and the lack of relevant diagnostic markers for the early stages of pancreatic cancer are believed to be the major constraints behind an accurate diagnosis of this disease. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development are still poorly recognized. It is well accepted that diabetes increases the risk of pancreatic cancer development, however the precise mechanisms are weakly investigated. Studies are focused on microRNAs as a causative factor of pancreatic cancer. 
  • 199
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diabetic Choroidopathy in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic microangiopathy is one of the main responsible factors of multiorgan complications in diabetes, including nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy (DR), cardiovascular disease, and neuropathy. The retinal vascular system, neurons, and glia constitute the neurovascular unit (NVU), where these structures present a close interdependency that promotes autoregulation, maintains the blood–retinal barrier (BRB), and provides structural support. Diabetes affects the NVU, leading to retinal dysfunction and microvascular damage. An early loss of neurovascular coupling, neurodegeneration, glial alteration, and neuroinflammation can occur even before the microvascular alterations become appreciable. Although the retinal microvasculopathy in DR is preponderant and has captured most of the attention in clinical studies, the choroidal vascular layer changes are not fully elucidated. The choroidal vascular bed nourishes the outer retinal layers; the foveola, in particular, relies solely on the choroid. 
  • 336
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
GCR Expression in Critical Illness and Sepsis
Critical illness refers to a state of poor health where the vital organs are not functioning properly and immediate care is necessary to prevent the risk of imminent death. This condition may however have the potential for reversal. The actions of cortisol are mediated through two types of corticosteroid receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). The MR is primarily involved in regulating electrolyte balance, while the GCR plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response and inflammation.
  • 302
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Peripheralization Strategies Applied to Morphinans
Among therapeutically valuable opioids, morphinans are of the utmost clinical importance as analgesic drugs because of their agonistic actions to the mu-opioid receptor. They include powerful pain relieving agents, such as naturally occurring alkaloids (e.g., morphine and codeine), semisynthetic analogues (e.g., hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone and buprenorphine), and synthetic derivatives (e.g., levorphanol).
  • 309
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Chemerin in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease
Chemerin is a novel adipokine that plays a major role in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. It also induces inflammation and affects insulin signaling, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis. Consequently, it likely contributes to a variety of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia.
  • 288
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening electrolyte disturbance characterized by elevated magnesium concentrations in the blood. Magnesium is a crucial mineral involved in various physiological functions, such as neuromuscular conduction, cardiac excitability, vasomotor tone, insulin metabolism, and muscular contraction. Prompt identification and management of hypermagnesemia are crucial to prevent complications, such as respiratory and cardiovascular negative outcomes, neuromuscular dysfunction, and coma. Preventing hypermagnesemia is crucial, particularly in high-risk populations, such as patients with impaired renal function or those receiving magnesium-containing medications or supplements. 
  • 389
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Superfoods for Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease affecting an estimated 537 million individuals worldwide. ‘Superfoods’ can be integrated into the diet of T2DM patients due to their health benefits.
  • 274
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic and Childhood Asthma Development
Asthma is a common respiratory disease that affects people of all ages, characterized by considerable heterogeneity in age, clinical presentation, genetics, epigenetics, environmental factors, treatment response, and prognostic outcomes. Asthma affects more than 330 million people worldwide, of which 33% are children under 14 years, and 27% are adults whose first symptoms occurred in childhood. However, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of childhood allergic diseases and asthma are still not fully understood.
  • 393
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Structure and Function of Integrins
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that mediate adhesive connections between cells and their surroundings, including surrounding cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). They modulate tissue mechanics and regulate intracellular signaling, including cell generation, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and the up-regulation of integrins in tumor cells has been confirmed to be associated with tumor development, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Thus, integrins are expected to be an effective target to improve the efficacy of tumor therapy. A variety of integrin-targeting nanodrugs have been developed to improve the distribution and penetration of drugs in tumors, thereby, improving the efficiency of clinical tumor diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 726
  • 29 Jun 2023
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