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Topic Review
Biography
Topic Review
Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Hearing Loss
In developed countries, congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the most common congenital viral infection, representing the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss (HL). Diagnosis of cCMV infection can be performed by detection of CMV DNA in urine or saliva within 2–3 weeks after birth, or later in dried blood samples on the Guthrie card. There are many controversies regarding the preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to cCMV infection. HL secondary to cCMV is highly variable in onset, side, degree, audiometric configuration, and threshold changes over time.
422
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Knowledge of Autism
Definitions of autism have been deficit-focused and grounded in a medical perspective.
630
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Interventional Treatment of Budd–Chiari Syndrome
Medical treatment is regarded as the primary course of action in patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS). Its efficacy, however, is limited, and most patients require interventional treatment during follow-up. Short-segment stenosis or the occlusion (the so-called web) of hepatic veins or the inferior vena cava are frequent in Asian countries. An angioplasty with or without stent implantation is the treatment of choice to restore hepatic and splanchnic blood flow. The long-segment thrombotic occlusion of hepatic veins, common in Western countries, is more severe and may require a portocaval shunting procedure to relieve hepatic and splanchnic congestion.
280
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Liver cancer is very frequent, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of liver cancer cases. Its growing incidence has been greatly affected by the increasing prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The latter is a new epidemic in the era. In fact, HCC is often generated from noncirrhotic liver and its treatment benefits from surgical and nonsurgical approaches, potentially bridged by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) use. TIPS use is an effective treatment for portal hypertension complications, but its application in patients with HCC and clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) remains controversial due to concerns about tumor rupture, dissemination, and increased toxicity.
275
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targets in Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis represents a complex and multidimensional interaction that represents potential fields of preventive and therapeutic management. In addition to the treatment armamentarium available for atopic dermatitis, novel drugs targeting significant molecular pathways in atopic dermatitis biologics and small molecules are also being developed given the condition’s complex pathophysiology. While most of the patients are expecting better efficacy and long-term control, the response to these drugs would still depend on numerous factors such as complex genotype, diverse environmental triggers and microbiome-derived signals, and, most importantly, dynamic immune responses.
238
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deciphering the Signaling Mechanisms of Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesis
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the predominant primary bone tumor in the pediatric and adolescent populations. It has high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. In contrast to many other sarcomas, OS lacks conserved translocations or genetic mutations; instead, it has heterogeneous abnormalities, including somatic DNA copy number alteration, ploidy, chromosomal amplification, and chromosomal loss and gain.
288
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Recurrent Glioma– from bench to bedside
Glioma is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and most patients suffer from a recurrence. Unfortunately, recurrent glioma often becomes resistant to established chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments. Immunotherapy, a rapidly developing anti-tumor therapy, has shown a potential value in treating recurrent glioma. Multiple immune strategies have been explored. The most-used ones are immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, which are barely effective in monotherapy. However, when combined with other immunotherapy, especially with anti-angiogenesis antibodies, ICB has shown encouraging efficacy and enhanced anti-tumor immune response. Oncolytic viruses and CAR-T therapies have shown promising result in recurrent glioma through multiple mechanisms. Vaccination strategies and immune-cell-based immunotherapies are promising in some subgroup patients with multiple new tumor antigenic targets been discovered.
235
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Capsaicin and Cancer
Capsaicin is the main pungent in chili peppers, one of the most commonly used spices in the world; its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties have been proven in various cultures for centuries. It is a lipophilic substance belonging to the class of vanilloids and an agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor. Taking into consideration the complex neuro-immune impact of capsaicin and the potential link between inflammation and carcinogenesis, the effect of capsaicin on muco-cutaneous cancer has aroused a growing interest.
259
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Regulating Renal Afferent Arterioles in Angiotensin II-Dependent Hypertension
In angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension, Ang II activates angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) on renal vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to renal vasoconstriction with eventual glomerular and tubular injury and interstitial inflammation. While afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction is initiated by the increased intrarenal levels of Ang II activating AT1R, the progressive increases in arterial pressure stimulate the paracrine secretion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), leading to the purinergic P2X receptor (P2XR)-mediated constriction of afferent arterioles.
301
24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mimics of Leptomeningeal Disease
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is commonly characterized as the metastatic involvement of various meningeal regions—the arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, and pia mater—defined as the leptomeningeal layer. LMD can stem from non-cancerous pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or meningitis with subsequent inflammation and infection, respectively. Clinically, the presentation of LMD includes non-specific, generalized neurological symptoms, such as headaches, confusion, seizures, and radiculopathy, among others.
427
24 Jul 2023
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