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Topic Review
Relationship between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Obesity is defined when the body mass index (BMI) exceeds a value of 30 kg/m2. It is implicated in slowing improved life expectancy and increasing cardiovascular (CV) risk.
  • 225
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Spermatocytic Tumor
Spermatocytic tumor (ST) is a very rare disease, accounting for approximately 1% of testicular cancers. Previously classified as spermatocytic seminoma, it is currently classified within the non-germ neoplasia in-situ-derived tumors and has different clinical-pathologic features when compared with other forms of germ cell tumors (GCTs). A web-based search of MEDLINE/PubMed library data was performed in order to identify pertinent articles. In the vast majority of cases, STs are diagnosed at stage I and carry a very good prognosis. The treatment of choice is orchiectomy alone. Nevertheless, there are two rare variants of STs having very aggressive behavior, namely anaplastic ST and ST with sarcomatous transformation, that are resistant to systemic treatments and their prognosis is very poor. 
  • 205
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids
The chemical constituents of the Cannabis plant known as cannabinoids have been extensively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits. The use of cannabinoids applied to the skin as a potential method for both skin-related benefits and systemic administration.
  • 227
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
β-Amyloid and Tau Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major causes of dementia and its incidence represents approximately 60–70% of all dementia cases worldwide. Many theories have been proposed to describe the pathological events in AD, including deterioration in cognitive function, accumulation of β-amyloid, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Infection as well as various cellular molecules, such as apolipoprotein, micro-RNA, calcium, ghrelin receptor, and probiotics, are associated with the disruption of β-amyloid and tau protein hemostasis.
  • 409
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Brain
An ultrasound (US) is a type of medical imaging that is commonly used in pediatric radiology due to its multiple advantages for the imaging of young patients. Advancements in technology have allowed the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasounds (CEUS) with high-frequency transducers, which in turn, led to new possibilities in diagnosing a variety of diseases and conditions in the field of radiology, including neonatal brain imaging. CEUS overcomes some of the limitations of conventional US and Doppler US. It allows the visualization of dynamic perfusion even in the smallest vessels in the whole brain and allows the quantitative analysis of perfusion parameters. 
  • 186
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Psychological Symptoms of Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is defined by the growth of endometrial-like tissues outside of the uterus. Endometriosis is currently the second most common gynecological disease and is associated with severe pain, vegetative impairment, and infertility. In association, there are considerable psychological symptoms that limit the quality of life of those affected. This is a brief summary of the current endometriosis literature that is linked to the RDoC domain "Negative Valence".
  • 262
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Brain Calcifications
Brain calcifications (BC) are intracranial calcium deposits localized in the brain parenchyma and its microvasculature. Their prevalence ranges from 1% in young individuals up to 38% in elderly subjects. Calcified areas are easily identified by clinicians as hyperdense alterations on brain CT. A certain degree of intracranial calcifications, particularly of the basal ganglia, pineal gland, choroid plexus, and habenula, can be considered a normal phenomenon associated with aging. Indeed, BC are often incidental findings on neuroimaging of asymptomatic individuals; however, they can also be associated with many genetic and acquired disorders. BC can be primary, as observed in several early- and late-onset genetic syndromes, or can be secondary to systemic alterations of phosphate–calcium metabolism (genetic and also acquired forms), intrauterine (e.g., TORCH) and post-natal infections (e.g., neurocysticercosis), hypoxic-ischemic injuries, toxic exposures (e.g., lead), brain tumors (e.g., oligodendrogliomas), and autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus).
  • 625
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Indications and Contraindications of Buccal Fat Pad Usage
The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat’s fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. 
  • 289
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Presentation of PCV on SS-OCTA
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) was generally considered as a subtype of age-related macular degeneration. Currently, the gold standard for diagnosing PCV is indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). However, it has been concerned about its rare but deadly complications and inconvenience during clinical visits. ICGA cannot provide detailed anatomical information about the disease lesions, either. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) is a new, noninvasive, fast, and high-quality imaging method for PCV, which is significantly improved in many aspects compared with the previous spectral domain OCTA (SD-OCTA). With SS-OCTA, the lesion characteristics of PCV have been extensively studied. SS-OCTA revealed a new morphological pattern of the polypoidal lesions (PLs) call “tangled vasculature”, suggesting the neovascular essence of PLs, instead of aneurysmal dilations. In addition, by assessing the changes of choroidal structure, such as the choriocapillaris flow voids, the hypothetical developing model of PCV has been proposed. Due to the improved detecting ability, SS-OCTA might also play a more important role in differential diagnosis, disease reactivation monitoring in the future. 
  • 268
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
The pathogenesis of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is complex and not fully understood. It involves three key factors: genetic risk factors, epigenetic mechanisms, and environmental triggers. Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of the disease, particularly in younger individuals. While cSLE has traditionally been considered a polygenic disease, it is now recognized that in rare cases, a single gene mutation can lead to the disease.
  • 167
  • 10 Aug 2023
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