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Topic Review
Nod-Like Receptors
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family (NLRs) (sometimes called the NOD-like receptors, though the family contains few bona fide receptors) are a superfamily of multidomain-containing proteins that detect cellular stress and microbial infection.
  • 813
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Small Rho-GTPase Regulators MicroRNA Regulation
The small Rho GTPases regulate important cellular processes that affect cancer metastasis, such as cell survival and proliferation, actin dynamics, adhesion, migration, invasion and transcriptional activation. The Rho GTPases function as molecular switches cycling between an active GTP-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound conformation. It is known that Rho GTPase activities are mainly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs), GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) and guanine nucleotide exchange modifiers (GEMs). These Rho GTPase regulators are often dysregulated in cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression, have been shown to play important roles in cancer metastasis. Recent studies showed that miRNAs are capable of directly targeting RhoGAPs, RhoGEFs, and RhoGDIs, and regulate the activities of Rho GTPases. This not only provides new evidence for the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in cancer metastasis, it also reveals novel mechanisms for Rho GTPase regulation.
  • 813
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor DNA in Early Lung Cancer Detection
Advancements in the clinical practice of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are shifting treatment paradigms towards increasingly personalized approaches. Liquid biopsies using various circulating analytes provide minimally invasive methods of sampling the molecular content within tumor cells. Plasma-derived circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), the tumor-derived component of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), is the most extensively studied analyte and has a growing list of applications in the clinical management of NSCLC. As an alternative to tumor genotyping, the assessment of oncogenic driver alterations by ctDNA has become an accepted companion diagnostic via both single-gene polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for advanced NSCLC. ctDNA technologies have also shown the ability to detect the emerging mechanisms of acquired resistance that evolve after targeted therapy. Furthermore, the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) by ctDNA for patients with NSCLC after curative-intent treatment may serve as a prognostic and potentially predictive biomarker for recurrence and response to therapy, respectively. Finally, ctDNA analysis via mutational, methylation, and/or fragmentation multi-omic profiling offers the potential for improving early lung cancer detection.
  • 813
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Gender Differences in Cannabis Use
Gender differences in psychiatric disorders and drug use are well known. Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug among young people. In recent years, its use has been related to the development of psychiatric pathologies; however, few studies have incorporated the gender perspective as of yet. Men have a higher prevalence using cannabis; however, women show a faster transition from recreational use to compulsive use, higher levels of craving with more relapses, and higher prevalence of dual pathology. Clinical studies clearly show the existence of gender differences in psychiatric symptoms associated with cannabis use. Although these results are not conclusive, they seem to indicate a higher vulnerability of women in the development of psychosis and anxiety, while men seem to be more vulnerable to developing depressive symptoms with long-term cannabis misuses. 
  • 814
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a common brain disease characterized as a long-lasting propensity to engender epileptic seizures. These are defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), as a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms, due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The ILAE also describes that patients with epilepsy, besides neurobiological problems, also face cognitive, psychological, and social issues. Epileptic seizures can be classified depending on the onset (focal, generalized or unknown) and depending on the etiology (genetic, structural, infectious, metabolic, immune, unknown, or with more than one etiology). Epileptogenesis is when a physiological and functional brain develops recurrent and unprovoked seizures, due to abnormal biological alterations. Epileptogenesis encompasses: The moment a precipitating injury (such as stroke or traumatic brain injury) or event (as status epilepticus (SE) or febrile seizure) occurs; the latent period between this epileptogenic insult and a modified epileptic brain (having spontaneous unprovoked seizures); and the mechanisms that occur during chronic epilepsy. Despite that the knowledge about the epileptogenesis process has significantly increased, most of the current drugs for epilepsy are used to treat symptoms, meaning to stop the seizures. These drugs, named AEDs, do not prevent or cure epilepsy. Therefore, finding drugs that work as antiepileptogenic, interreacting with the process of epilepsy development, is fundamental.
  • 813
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tripartite Motif Family
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family comprises at least 80 members in humans, with most having ubiquitin or SUMO E3 ligase activity conferred by their N-terminal RING domain. TRIMs regulate a wide range of processes in ubiquitination- or sumoylation-dependent manners in most cases, and fewer as adaptors. Their roles in the regulation of viral infections, autophagy, cell cycle progression, DNA damage and other stress responses, and carcinogenesis are being increasingly appreciated, and their E3 ligase activities are attractive targets for developing specific immunotherapeutic strategies for immune diseases and cancers.
  • 813
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ENDS, HTP and Lung
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTP) are sold by the tobacco industry as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes with misleading marketing sustained by studies with conflict of interest. Research on these products found that damage produced by using these devices is involved in pathways related to pulmonary diseases, with  mechanisms previously reported in conventional cigarettes and new mechanisms particular to these devices, which challenges that the tobacco industry’s claims.
  • 813
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Biosensors for Pathogen Detection
Electrochemical biosensors are a family of biosensors that use an electrochemical transducer to perform their functions. In recent decades, many electrochemical biosensors have been created for pathogen detection. These biosensors for detecting infections have been comprehensively studied in terms of transduction elements, biorecognition components, and electrochemical methods. The integration of transducers and electrode changes in biosensor design is a major discussion topic. Pathogen detection methods can be categorized by sample preparation and secondary binding processes. Diagnostics in medicine, environmental monitoring, and biothreat detection can benefit from electrochemical biosensors to ensure food and water safety.
  • 812
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cardioncology
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible viral illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has been defined by the World Health Organization as a pandemic, considering its remarkable transmission speed worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and TMPRSS2, which is a serine protease both expressed in lungs, the gastro-intestinal tract, and cardiac myocytes. Patients with COVID-19 experienced adverse cardiac events (hypertension, venous thromboembolism, arrhythmia, myocardial injury, fulminant myocarditis), and patients with previous cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of death. Cancer patients are extremely vulnerable with a high risk of viral infection and more negative prognosis than healthy people, and the magnitude of effects depends on the type of cancer, recent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery and other concomitant comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome). Patients with active cancer or those treated with cardiotoxic therapies may have heart damages exacerbated by SARS-CoV-2 infection than non-cancer patients.
  • 812
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Oligonucleotide Therapies in Treating Arthritis
Oligonucleotide therapeutics represent an emerging but highly promising class of therapeutics to treat inflammatory joint disease. Although yet to be successfully tested in clinical trials for arthritis treatment, data from preclinical experimental models of arthritis provide evidence that the intra-articular delivery of oligonucleotides can modify OA disease pathology, by reducing synovitis, preventing sclerotic bone formation and protecting from cartilage damage. Importantly, since oligonucleotide therapeutics are based on gene sequences, they are expected to act specifically on the target gene, and thus may be considered less likely to have off-target effects and to elicit adverse side effects.
  • 812
  • 23 Aug 2021
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